【Jian Wu Tang】
In today ’s world, the rapid expansion of security threats, the advancement of military civilization and the changes in the strategic environment have greatly deepened the connotation of national defense, greatly expanded the extension of national defense, and pushed national defense to a historical turning point, requiring us to implement the overall national The security concept uses a broader national defense strategy than military strategy to coordinate national defense modernization.
Coordinating war and peace
——Fulfill the dual mission of winning wars and governing peace
The 20th century is a century of war and revolution. All of China ’s national defense is focused on winning wars. During World War II, it was based on winning the national independence war and the people ’s liberation war. During the Cold War, defending the country and defending the country and winning the war against aggression. The 21st century is a new century in which war and public security threats are intertwined and turbulent. There are two basic points in China's national defense, that is, not only to prepare to win wars, but also to govern peace in a sustained manner.
The threat of war cannot be ruled out. Containing and winning wars is still the foundation of national defense. Since ancient times, war threats from countries or military blocs have been fatal and have always existed. In the 21st century, power politics and military hegemony are still rampant, territorial disputes and sovereign rights and interests conflicts have hidden hidden opportunities, and regional wars and military conflicts have continued. War preparations are necessary to maintain national security, and we must not relax at any moment.
Public threats have become a new vane for destroying peace, a new field of national defense, and a new mission to govern peace. After the "9.11 Incident" in the United States, public safety incidents have become more frequent, with destructive power no less than war. From the "SARS" in 2003, the subsequent bird flu, and the spread of the Ebola virus in Africa in 2014, the call for "biological defense" gradually began; from the Iranian nuclear facility in 2010 was paralyzed by the "shock net" virus, and then "Arab The "Spring" movement made the Internet the main platform for the color revolution, and the "Network Defense" was clamoring. Even in the field of cultural security, there are references to cultural defense, and the growth of financial security risks is also depositing new concepts of financial defense. The defense in the emerging field is carried out in a peaceful environment. It is not a way of invasion by planes and missiles, but has social and long-term characteristics. With the entire process of peaceful development, it is determined that it is not a way of war solution, or a complete solution after one or two surprise attacks It is a peaceful governance method that emphasizes proactive and lasting governance to eliminate threats.
Implement overall national security concept with overall national defense. The diversification of forms of violence has transformed national security from a single political-military security to a complex of political, military, economic, and social multiple security. Starting from the barrel effect and chain effect of security threats, hidden dangers of national security crisis exist in various fields. In any area, the loss of security will lead to national failure. As early as 2014, the overall national security concept stated that both external and internal security are valued; both homeland security and national security are valued. At present, with the cross between globalization and global warming, the danger of interweaving public security threats and war threats has risen sharply. It is necessary to use a comprehensive defense in multiple fields to contain wars and consolidate peace.
Coordinate military defense and social defense
——Building a multi-dimensional defense system
Military defense is the mainstay of national defense, but national defense is greater than military defense. With the explosive growth of public security threats, the demand for governance of peace is increasingly strong. It has become inadequate to use military strategy to refer to national defense strategy. It is necessary to break through a single military defense structure and establish a diversified defense system that covers military defense and social defense.
Promote the multi-domain and integration of the military defense system. Military defense is the cornerstone of national defense. As joint operations deepen the integration of global warfare, information warfare upgrades to intelligent warfare, military defense relies more on the modernization of weapons and equipment, on the combination of tactics and technology, and on the flatness of the command system The integration of warfare and warfare organization is ultimately transformed into the mobility, flexibility and coordination of multi-domain combat operations.
Construct a multi-linked social defense system. Public security threats skipped the military defense system and penetrated into the society to attack public targets, posing a new large-scale invasion threat to the country. From cyber hackers launching cyber wars and softly destroying the national power grid, dams, power stations, urban transportation, energy, and financial systems; to biological viruses infecting the public on a large scale, casualties and property losses have reached war levels. Public security threats have the characteristics of concealment, dissemination, mobility, and relevance, and require the establishment of a social defense system different from military defense.
Coordinate social defense and military defense to achieve overall national defense. Supporting the national security system with the national defense system is the essence of national defense modernization. Compared with military defense, which mainly focuses on eliminating the enemy, it mainly achieves political security, homeland security, and military security; social defense focuses on protecting the public and mainly achieves other aspects of security. At present, hybrid wars promote the outbreak of public threats such as terrorism, epidemics, climate disasters, and cyberattacks. Even military strikes have turned to economic and social goals, accelerating the integration of public safety threats. Comprehensive defense of the target, and link with military defense.
Co-ordinate security guarantees at home and abroad
——Open the global vision of national defense
The strategic overall situation of national defense in the new era is no longer limited to the territory within the border, nor is it just the operation of security relations with neighboring countries, but all issues related to national interests in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to proceed from the biggest overall situation of globalization and plan the security at home and abroad.
Defending territorial sovereignty focuses on refusing the enemy beyond the border. In the new era, sovereign interests have expanded outward, from land to sea, from earth to space, and the global commons have become the strategic commanding heights for defending the territory. The practice of informatized warfare shows that with the development of long-range strikes, invaders can launch attacks from global public domains such as the high seas, space, and the network, and comprehensively suppress the closed defense of the "door of defense." The struggle in the air defense identification zone in recent years has shown that the establishment of freedom of movement in the global public domain and preventing the surroundings from becoming invading bases of invaders have become the forerunners to contain and win wars.
Offshore defense and overseas security have become a new high ground for national defense. On the one hand, the expansion of national security interests has increased the security requirements for overseas targets. With the rapid growth of the country ’s ocean-going fleet, overseas investment, overseas projects and personnel, the average annual number of overseas migrants reaches tens of millions. From small to large, it has become a new focus of national security. On the other hand, the anti-globalization movement has boosted wars and conflicts in the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and other regions, and overseas security has become a new weakness in national defense. Since the massive evacuation of overseas Chinese in Libya, security interests have accelerated globalization and diversification. From overseas evacuation and ocean escort to overseas hostage rescue and expansion of cross-border combat terrorist organizations, both military defenses have expanded to offshore defenses, and a large number of The expansion of social defense to overseas security.
At the macro-strategic level, the world ’s major powers are building their own global defense. The United States and Russia took the lead in forming their respective global defense strategies in the 21st century in a contest with each other. The United States' global defense strategy is rooted in its global hegemony tradition. It began with the "preventive defense" strategy of the Clinton period. After the "preemptive" war practice, it systematically paved the way for expansion in Eastern Europe, then the Middle East, and then Asia. Figure. Russia was directly oppressed by the United States and its NATO group, and proposed a "world stability arc" strategic theory, trying to use the Russian-NATO mechanism and the CIS collective security organization as a shield to build a Russia-centered trans-Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. China ’s “stability zone” and stabilized its position with the Russo-Georgian War, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the intervention in the Syrian civil war. Practice has proved that national security can only be guaranteed if our national defense undertakings go out in the new era.
Coordinate military struggle and defense cooperation
——Provide public products for regional safety
In the era of globalization, the security interests of various countries have both divergent and intersecting aspects. Among them, cross-border, cross-regional and even global anti-terrorism, anti-proliferation, disaster relief and other public safety interests intersect horizontally, resulting in the rapid growth of exclusive interests and cooperative interests, and spread all over the world. This has led to any two countries, two ethnic groups regardless of geographical distance and historical closeness, there is a relationship of interest, and conflict and cooperation on both sides. Furthermore, it can be said that the national interest pattern facing the national defense strategy today is an unprecedented dual-track system, which has both its own defense and common defense.
Military struggle yields benefits in contact and cooperation. Military struggle and defense cooperation are two fists for maintaining peace and improving security. In order to break through U.S. containment, Russia frequently displayed weapons of mass destruction such as "Poseidon", known as "doom weapons". This kind of soldiers have achieved certain results by blocking water and earth. The facts also prove that indiscriminate struggles are indispensable of. But military dialectics tells us that cooperation in struggle and struggle in cooperation have the greatest benefits. To this end, the defense cooperation and the military struggle should be carried out at the same time. The more sovereign disputed and hegemonic countries are, the more they must engage in positive military contacts with them, carry out military-to-military work, and shape a good peaceful environment. Impose reasonable and favorable punishment on those who are obsessed and obsessed, forcing them to return to the track of security cooperation. Military contact and cooperation must have the spirit of "the king of the earth covers the ground tigers, the pagoda town river demon", and positively suppresses evil spirits, and finally eliminates hostility and cracks down on containment.
Achieve global public security with common defense, and unify maintaining your own security with international security. From the spread of the "Zhenwang" virus on the Internet in 2010, which caused harm to the industrial infrastructure of various countries; by 2020, the new crown virus used aircraft, high-speed rail and other modern vehicles to spread the world and caused major casualties. In the face of these unbounded global pollution, one The country's defense can no longer protect itself, but is tied to global and regional security. Therefore, providing public goods for regional and global security has become a point of growth in military defense and social defense, and will surely make the military struggle more effective and the national defense situation refreshed.
Coordinate military, social, and international forces
——Building an international defense ecology integrating military and civilian
The multi-dimensional expansion of the national defense mission, role space and operating system naturally requires structural expansion of the national defense force composition and organization accordingly, thereby opening up a new national defense ecology.
The integration of military and civilian and mixed formation is the basic form of national defense forces in the new era. As far as military defense is concerned, unlike traditional tanks, artillery and missiles that are exclusively used in the military field, 80% of modern weapon technology is common to military and civilian use, and new types of operations such as cyber warfare and unmanned aerial vehicle warfare have begun. . Typical examples are the NSA, a military-civilian cyber warfare organization, and the use of early U.S. military drones, with soldiers operating fire control devices and attack missions, and commercial engineers flying. As far as social defense is concerned, most non-war military operations require a mix of military and civilian forces. The common practice in various countries is to establish a rescue and disaster relief headquarters, a joint military-local dispatching plan and operation plan, and a unified command by the state. Practice has proved that the people ’s war system has superiority. The vertical command system from the national decision-making level to the neighborhood committees is efficient. There is still a broad space for upgrading in the new era.
International power has become an important support for national defense forces in the new era. In the new era, the national defense of various countries has generally shifted from inward-facing to outward-facing. Taking Libya ’s evacuation as an example, it is not the military aircraft that can fetch people back in the past, but the need to deal with a number of countries that the route passes through. The coordination of cross-border military and military affairs is numerous and the coordination requirements are strict. Incomparable. Another example is the fight against the new coronavirus. Countries not only need to carry out cooperation between the government and the military, but also need to cooperate with the United Nations World Health Organization to jointly develop vaccines. Even overseas peacekeeping and overseas security guarantees require the help of local private security companies to grasp the situation and improve their own protection capabilities. For example, the US military operations in Iraq are inseparable from the cooperation of commercial security forces such as Blackwater Corporation. Combined with China's actual and globalized background, military struggle and defense cooperation need to inherit and develop the fine tradition of the united front, and make full use of the active role of international organizations, multinational enterprises, and international associations to multiply the benefits of national defense.
(Author: Lin, Department of National Defense University Professor of National Security Institute, doctoral tutor)