How did free education emerge? .. The journey of establishing the school system

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The idea of ​​school is not new.In the ages of human gatherings, the importance of knowledge transfer arose, but it was not for lessons, curricula and tests, as we know it now, but to transfer skills, such as fencing, patient care, the arts of war, and sports associated with war or peace.

This was evident in ancient civilizations, whether Egyptian, Indian, or Chinese, and then evolved with the advent of philosophy, human sciences, BC, emerged academies associated with great philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, but were associated with the study of philosophy, logic, poetry, music and drama.

The mosque is the first Arab school
As for the Arabs, they knew the idea of ​​the school since the beginning of Islam, where the companions gathered in the mosque of the Prophet peace be upon him to study the Koran and its rules, and then evolved to move to other mosques, and then to the halls attached to mosques learn to read and write with the rules of religion.

This was evident in the role of Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo during the Fatimid period, but it was limited - before turning to the teaching of Sunni doctrine - to teach Shiite views and spread Shiite doctrine, and then came "regular schools" in response to Al-Azhar to teach Sunni Islamic sciences was the beginning of Baghdad with the establishment Minister Nizam King in 459 e regular school, which expanded and spread, and studied religious sciences and annexed some rooms to teach civil sciences, especially medicine and astronomy also attached to hospitals, and remained some of its effects so far in Egypt, Syria and Iraq.

But the school in its modern sense, and its association with specific curricula addressed to children, through specific school years, and choose the dates of the morning, and determine the beginning of the winter, and end with the advent of summer, all no one knows when and how he grew up, and who established it centuries ago.

The monastery .. The nucleus of Christian schools
Not only mosques were the only places of worship associated with teaching, but also the monasteries in the Christian world, carrying the secretariat of the transfer of knowledge, and monks in the Catholic Church learn to read and write in Latin, and are studying the Bible and Psalms, and these monasteries were the nucleus of the schools of nuns and boarding schools World level today.

The invention of printing in 1447, and the accompanying economic and industrial renaissance in Europe, opened the door to the growing demand for literacy, and the need for medical and engineering students to include them in the ranks of armies, and in Russia Empress Catherine wanted to control the masses and tighten their grip on them, and founded the first regular institute For the nobility girls to create a new race of the Russian people via education.

The father of public schools
In the United States, the idea originated with Horace Mann, who was dubbed the "Father of Public Education." The separation of schools from churches was the first step the United States took after the declaration of independence, but Horace, who was elected to the Massachusetts State Council, made several reforms. By the end of 1840, the State had adopted a free basic education system.

Horace then became known as the father of public schools, and free education spread across all states. This was motivated by strong American politicians at the time, to create an educated society, as a first step towards a democratic society.

In Europe, the French politician Jules Ferry, the Ministry of General Guidance in the eighties of the nineteenth century, and his name was a difference in the history of the modern school system in Europe, where he introduced the system of "modern Republican school", in which children are obliged boys and girls under the age of fifteen, To attend school.

Ferry enacted special laws, these schools were secular free, and then spread the idea of ​​free regular schools and knew the world and became difficult to implement, until it came to us as public schools, under the supervision of the state, before the emergence of what was later called private education.