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09 September 201913.50 In 2017, expenditure on research and development in the institutional sectors (businesses, public institutions, private non-profit institutions, universities) is estimated at almost 28.3bn, up 2.7% on 2016 and with an impact on GDP of 1 , 38%. Thus Istat explaining that the private sector (companies and non-profit organizations) spends 15.2 million on research and development, of which 14.8 billion is borne by companies. Universities spend 5.6 billion, public institutions 2.9 billion. Expenditure increased in preliminary data for 2018 and forecasts for 2019.