Ali bin Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Messenger Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, the fourth of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and one of the heralds of Paradise. He grew up in the care of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and converted to Islam as a child before reaching the dream, and he was one of the first to convert to Islam, defending Islam young, young and old, and participated in the conquests of Islam Al-Kubra, he was known for his bravery, intelligence, and jurisprudence in matters of religion and wisdom.

During his caliphate, he moved the capital of the Islamic state from Medina to Kufa, and his reign was engulfed in strife following the killing of the Rashidun caliph Othman bin Affan, so he fought the Kharijites and the Sabaeans, and was killed by Abd al-Rahman bin Malajim al-Khariji in the year 40 AH.

Birth and upbringing

Ali bin Abi Talib bin Abd al-Muttalib bin Hashim al-Qurashi Abu al-Hasan was born in Shaab Bani Hashim in Makkah 10 years before the mission and 23 years before the migration.

And his father, Abu Talib (and his name was Abd Manaf), was a master from the Quraysh lords, who had the honor of watering and feeding him after the death of his father (Ali’s grandfather) Abd al-Muttalib. Hashem, who are referred to as Lebanon.

The Holy Prophet, peace be upon him, sponsored him after a severe drought afflicted Quraysh, which inherited people from hunger and poverty. The haste to reward those who do good to him. He, peace be upon him, said: “No one has a hand with us except that we have rewarded him, except for Abu Bakr.”

Since he was six years old, Ali resided in the house of his cousin Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, and his consciousness opened in one of the noblest houses of the Quraysh, which is known for its virtue, high morals, and good behavior among people, after he imbibed the honorable Arab heritage in the house of his father, the master of Quraysh and the heir of Bani Hashim.

Ali, since he entered the house of the Holy Prophet, accompanied him, did not leave him except for the tasks assigned to him - upon him be peace and blessings - for about 17 years in Mecca, and 10 years in Medina.

His conversion to Islam

The boy did not live long after his cousin called him to the new religion, until he believed in him and believed him. He was the first of the boys to convert to Islam, and he was then ten years old.

The narrators differed as to who converted to Islam first, but the most likely opinion is stable that the first among them is Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, may God be pleased with him, among the women is Khadija, the wife of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and among the boys is Ali bin Abi Talib.

migrated to the city

Ali was known for courage and daring from an early age, and he was a lover of the Holy Prophet, so he did not hesitate when he was a boy of about 20 years old to sleep in the bed of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, on the night of migration, and the polytheists were waiting for the Prophet to kill him in his bed.

And Ali remained the last of the people to migrate to Medina by order of the Messenger of God, until he returned to the people their deposits that they used to trust the Holy Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and left with his family from Mecca to Medina, so Ali went out walking at night and lurking during the day, until he came to Medina. Upon his arrival, he invited him to him, so the people told him that Ali could not walk, so the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, came to him and embraced him crying when he saw swelling in his feet as a result of walking for days, so the Holy Prophet wiped his honorable hands on his feet, and he did not complain about them until he was martyred.

His marriage to Mrs. Fatima Al-Zahra

A number of companions successively proposed to Al-Zahraa, the daughter of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, including Abu Bakr and Omar, but the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, rejected them all due to her young age, until he proposed to Ali bin Abi Talib, so he married her to him after the Battle of Badr (the second year of migration) and she was 15 years old at that time while he was Omar Ali is 25 years old.

Ali did not marry Ali Fatima during her life, although polygamy was widespread during the era of the Companions, and one of them used to collect more than one woman under his protection, but the dignity of the daughter of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, prevented him from that, and when he decided after the conquest of Mecca to marry the daughter of Abu Jahl, he prevented him The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, had no choice but to divorce Fatima, so he changed his mind and dissuaded from his resolve.

Fatima gave birth to his two grandsons, Al-Hassan and Al-Hussein, and from her, may God be pleased with her, the descendants of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, extended without any other of his sons and daughters.

Biography of Abi Turab on the authority of the companion Ali bin Abi Talib, by the writer Musa Al-Azmi (Al-Jazeera)

Some of his exploits in the life of the Prophet, peace be upon him

Ali ibn Abi Talib participated in all the campaigns of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, except for the campaign of Tabuk, where he appointed him as caliph over Medina in his absence. O Ali, are you not satisfied to be with me as Aaron was with Musa, except that there is no prophet after me?” Ali said: “I am satisfied.. I am satisfied.”

In the ninth year of the Hijrah, the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, appointed Abu Bakr as the emirate of Hajj, so he performed Hajj among the people, and declared, “No polytheist will perform Hajj after the year, nor will he circumambulate the House naked.”

In the same year, a delegation of the people of Yemen came to the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, so he sent Khalid bin Al-Walid with them, and he stayed with them for 6 months calling them, but they did not answer him. on Hamedan.

Ali was then about 32 years old.

During the Farewell Pilgrimage, he accompanied the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and he had 100 camels with him, so he sacrificed 63 of them with his own hand, then he gave Ali, so he sacrificed what was left of it and shared his gift with him.

positions on the fields of war

Ali, may God be pleased with him, was one of the three whom the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, delegated to duel with the heads of the Quraysh in the great battle of Badr. Alwaleed army of Muslims.

And in the Battle of the Trench (in the year 5 AH), Ali appeared to the famous knight Amr bin Abd Wad, who used to command a thousand knights, so he fought and killed him.

And Ali showed in Al-Hudaybiyah his great manners and his great love for the Prophet, peace be upon him, so when the Messenger of God reconciled with Quraysh in Al-Hudaybiyah, Ali wrote a letter between the two parties (and Ali was one of the writers of the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him): “This is what Muhammad, the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, decided.” So the representatives of Quraysh said in the reconciliation We do not acknowledge it. If we knew that you are the Messenger of God, we would not have prevented you, but you are Muhammad bin Abdullah. He said to Ali: “I am the Messenger of God, and I am Muhammad bin Abdullah. Wipe out the Messenger of God.” Ali said: No, by God, I will never erase you. The Messenger of God said: He said: “Show it.” So he showed it to him, and the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, erased it with his hand.

In the seventh year of the Hijrah, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, decided to invade Khaybar, the last stronghold of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula, and it was the most impregnable of the castles. And his Messenger.” So all the Companions looked forward to this position, and when it was from the next day, the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, asked about Ali, and he was told that his eyes were complaining, so he sent for him, and may God’s prayers and peace be upon him spat in them, and supplicated for him, and he was healed even as if he had no pain, then gave him the flag and recommended him.

In this campaign, Ali met the largest Jew of Khaybar, Marhab, who was an example of courage and daring in his people, so Ali met him and killed him.

The book of Ali bin Abi Talib by the writer Abd al-Sattar al-Sheikh (Al-Jazeera)

Teach him

The length of Ali bin Abi Talib’s association with the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, had a great impact on his scientific formation, in addition to what was endowed with a heart of minds and a responsible tongue, as he described himself. A large gathering of companions and followers.

Ali also recited the Qur’an to the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and memorized it during his life. Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Salami, who was among those who showed the Qur’an to Ali, said about him: I have not seen anyone read more than Ali.

Likewise, Ali was interested in interpreting the Book of God Almighty. Ibn Saad narrated in Al-Tabaqaat that Ali said: “Ask me about the Book of God, for there is not a single verse that I did not know by night or by day, in a plain or in a mountain.”

The books of interpretation were filled with Imam Ali's narrations in interpreting the Qur'an and expressing an opinion on its interpretation.

Ali bin Abi Talib is considered one of the greatest jurists of Islam, and he was one of the companions who issued fatwas during the life of the Prophet, peace be upon him.

And Ibn Abbas narrated that Umar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with them all, said: “My father (bin Ka’b) read us, and Ali bin Ka’b made us judge.” Ibn Masoud said: “We were talking that the people of Medina made Ali bin Abi Talib.”

The Prophet, peace be upon him, had sent him to Yemen as a preacher and judge.

his eloquence

The word of writers agreed that Ali bin Abi Talib knew from the flags of rhetoric and an imam of eloquence, and his rhetorical style was enriched by his saturation from the Noble Qur’an and the lofty prophetic statement, in addition to his Arabic intellect, which was nourished by the well-being of the eloquence of the Bedouins and the eloquence of the people of Makkah of virtue and impact.

And he often included in his sermons and poetry the Qur’anic expression, the prophetic vocabulary, and the eloquent walking proverb, until his literary legacy became a requirement for every student of literature and rhetoric throughout the ages.

Among the high examples of his sermons, he said after he led the people in the dawn prayer: “I have seen the companions of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and I do not see anyone like them. between their foreheads and their feet, and when it was morning, remembering God, they stretched out as a tree spreads on a windy day, and their eyes became sluggish until God wet their clothes..".

His virtues and status

No personality of the Companions was exposed to what Ali was exposed to of distortion, exaggeration, lies and slander, so there were many false narrations in his biography and corrupted news that attributed the supernatural to him, or pasted in him qualities and virtues that he did not have, or put on his tongue what he did not say, so some of them claimed the will for him And that he is the inheritor of the knowledge of prophecy, and the key to the city of knowledge, and that the truth revolves with him wherever he turns, and that his remembrance is worship, and his love is good that does not harm with it bad, and other myths and falsehoods that are not based on true transmission or explicit evidence.

However, Muslims know the Commander of the Faithful, Ali bin Abi Talib, for his high position, as he was one of the most beloved companions of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, to him, and he is his cousin. He must clothe himself and supplicate for him, and forbid quarreling with him and abusing him.

And in Ali’s standing with the Prophet, peace be upon him, there are many authentic hadiths, including his saying to Ali: “You are from me and I am from you,” and also when he took his hand and said to him: “Whoever you are his guardian, this is his guardian.

And when his wife Fatimah was angry with Ali, and he left the house and went to the mosque, the Prophet, peace be upon him, went to him and he was lying.

succession

As soon as the Rightly Guided Caliph Othman bin Affan was martyred and the people shook their hands from his burial, they hurried to Ali, wanting to pledge allegiance to him for the caliphate. It was stipulated that it be in the Prophet’s Mosque over the heads of the people of Medina, so the mosque came and the people pledged allegiance to it, and that was on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 35 AH.

Ibn Abbas wanted the pledge of allegiance to take place in a private place, fearing that the youths who revolted against Uthman would riot, and they were spread out in the alleys of the city, not leaving it.

Ali took over the reins of the caliphate while it was burdened with burdens, and in the midst of one of the greatest strife that faced the Muslims, he faced the refusal to pledge allegiance to some Muslims in the cities to which the governors were sent to take the pledge of allegiance. A thousand Muslims - see the necessity of hastening to take revenge on the killers of Uthman before taking the pledge of allegiance to Ali.

Thus, Ali was the first caliph on whom the Muslims did not gather, as they gathered on his three predecessors, Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman. Ibn Taymiyyah says: “People during Ali’s era were of 3 categories: a class that fought with him, a class that fought him, and a class that neither fought nor fought with him.”

This crisis was exacerbated by factors, including the fact that the killers of Uthman were strong and had a thorn, especially after Ali moved from the capital of the state to Kufa, where these groups became in their stronghold and among their tribes, and penetrated the ranks of Ali's supporters, and became a great influence in the political decision, so he became one of the Sticks to Ali and others to break their power.

This dispute resulted in a breakdown in the social fabric in and around Medina, and the matter was exacerbated by the retirement of the senior companions from political work, which they described as sedition, including Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Abdullah bin Omar, Osama bin Zaid, and Abu Musa al-Ash’ari.

This split in the unity of Muslims and the great rift that divided opinion led to the dispersal of the fighters in the cities, which weakened the Islamic military force that was able to resolve the dispute if it remained united.

As a result of these raging strife, the area of ​​the Commander of the Faithful’s authority over the provinces shrank, one after another, after the Levant, Yemen, Hijaz, and Egypt were disturbed by him, and Basra and Khurasan were out of his grip, so his rule was confined to Kufa and its environs after he moved to it.

The book The Genius of Imam Ali by Abbas Mahmoud Al-Akkad (Al-Jazeera)

strife during his caliphate

From the fire of sedition, the killing of the Rightly Guided Caliph Othman bin Affan, the sparks of sedition raged and engulfed the entire caliphate of Ali bin Abi Talib. On the timing of the revenge, the caliph wants to extend his authority over the state and rule over it before he begins to take revenge, and they see that he will not be able to do that until he begins to eliminate the murderers and end their presence in the city and calm the souls of the Muslims and the Umayyad avengers of blood by enforcing retribution.

At the head of this team was Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awam, Talha bin Obaidullah, and Aisha, the mother of the believers, who left Medina for Mecca and gathered there with others. his army.

Muawiyah, the ruler of Othman over the Levant and Banu Umayyah, cousins ​​of the betrayed caliph and his blood guardians, had refused to pledge allegiance until the Uthman case was over, so Ali went out to them wanting to push them back from their departure and oblige them to pledge allegiance to which the Muslims had pledged allegiance, but the news of the exit of Talhah, Al-Zubayr, and the mother of the believers, Aisha, to Basra changed his destination So he walked to Basra, and his intention was nothing but reform, and when he stood as a preacher in Kufa mobilizing its people to go out with him, he said: “I have called you to bear witness with us our brothers from the people of Basra, and if they return, then that is what we want, and if they enter into their settlements with kindness and our arguments until they initiate us with injustice, and we will not allow A matter in which there is righteousness, except that we prefer it over that which contains corruption, God willing.”

Al-Qa`qa bin Amr sent to Talhah and Al-Zubayr, and he said to him: "Cast these two men, and invite them to intimacy and congregation, and make the division great for them."

And the correct news are frequent with the intention of the two parties that reform is necessary and there is no desire for fighting. However, the rabble and Sabaeans who infiltrated the ranks of his army realized that reconciliation between the two parties would direct the swords at their sides and enable the caliph to carry out retribution against them. Al-Ashtar al-Nakhai, who was one of the leaders of Uthman's killers, said: "If he (meaning Ali) had reconciled with them (meaning Talha and al-Zubayr) They agreed on our blood."

So the killers of Uthman colluded to start the fighting, so they attacked the camp of Talha and Al-Zubayr, so Talha and Al-Zubayr thought that Ali had attacked them and violated the agreement, so they defended themselves and attacked Ali's camp, so Ali thought that they attacked him and violated the agreement, so the fighting took place and did not stop until after heavy bloodshed.

Al-Tahawy said: “The sedition of the camel broke out without choosing either from Ali or from Talhah and al-Zubayr.”

No sooner had the flames of this strife been extinguished than another turmoil raged in the Levant, and just as behind the first was the hands of the frivolous Sabaeans, their hands were triggering the trigger for the second one. If they wanted it."

Ali bin Abi Talib was born in the people of Bani Hashem in Makkah 10 years before the mission (social networking sites)

And when Muawiya learned of Ali's movement towards the Levant, he prepared and went out himself at the head of his army, and despite the movement of embassies between the two teams, the matter did not go smoothly between them.

Then the fighting broke out between the two parties in a place called Siffin (near the Syrian city of Raqqa), and the war took place for days, and there was a dispute between them, until the Iraqi army prevailed over the Levant army. .. People have been artistic.. So who is for the gaps?

Who is to fight the polytheists and the infidels?

Then Amr said to Muawiyah: “Send Ali a copy of the Qur’an, so call him to the Book of God, for he will not refuse you.” Ali said: “Yes, I am more deserving of that.. Between us and you is the Book of God.”

When the two parties accepted the arbitration, the people of Iraq chose Abu Musa al-Ash’ari, and the people of the Levant chose Amr ibn al-Aas, representing each of his teams for reconciliation between the two parties, so they agreed to “arbit between this nation and not return it to war or division until they disobey.” 8 months for souls to calm down, review and consider the consequences of the dispute.

And in Ramadan of the year 37 AH, the two rulers met in Dumat al-Jandal, and they agreed that the consideration of the caliphate matter should be left to the senior companions and the Muslim Shura, and the dispute between the two teams was not resolved due to the difficulty of resolving the two controversial issues: the allegiance of the people of Levant to the caliph, and the establishment of the punishment for the killers of Uthman. And the situation remained as it was before the fighting, so Iraq and Hijaz were for Ali, and the Levant and its surroundings were for Muawiya.

However, what emerged as a result of Siffin and the incident of arbitration weakened the army of the Commander of the Faithful Ali, as the Sabeans and the killers of Uthman opposed him, rejecting the results of the arbitration, and the sect of readers (Kharijites) who said to Ali’s face: “There is no judgment except for God,” so he, may God be pleased with him, said: “The word of Right I want wrong.”

The arbitration incident resulted in a new sedition that reared its head in the succession of Ali, may God be pleased with him. Then I set out and judged in God’s religion, for there is no judgment except for God.”

And he sent to them when they rioted against the people and provoked them, Abdullah bin Abbas to argue with them in the Book of God, so 4 thousand of them retracted his opinion and the same remained on their opinion.

And Ali kept telling them about their opinions until he got tired of them, and they turned the people against him, so they gathered in Nahrawan (the site north of Baghdad) and became a thorn for them and prevented them, and they wreaked havoc on the land, shed blood and cut off the path.

Ali went to them with his army in Sha'ban in the year 38 AH.

He did not initiate a fight against them until they started it, so he fought and killed them, and only a few of them survived.

Ali bin Abi Talib was killed in Ramadan in the year 40 AH by Ibn Muljam (social networking sites)

his martyrdom

Some of the relatives of the slain Kharijites, whose temptation Ali slept on, agreed to avenge their families, so 3 people, including Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljim, pledged to kill Ali, Muawiya, and Amr ibn al-Aas.

Ibn Muljim walked to Kufa to implement what was agreed upon with his companions, so he watched for the Commander of the Faithful in the place from which he usually leaves at dawn to wake people up for prayer, and that was in Ramadan in the year 40 AH.

And when he came out of his house calling the people to prayer, prayer, prayer, Ibn Muljim revolted and struck him with his sword, hitting his forehead and shedding blood on his beard.

His succession lasted 4 years and 9 months, and he was 63 years old when he was martyred.