On the water surface, the rice plants entered the jointing and booting stage; under the water surface, a red fish roamed freely in the paddy field. Fish "swim" for thousands of years, "swim" into the world stage. A few days ago, the world's first and China's first globally important agricultural cultural heritage Qingtian rice-fish symbiosis system once again attracted the world's attention. The Global Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage Conference was held in Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province. The largest, highest-level, and most influential conference.
In May this year, Fujian Anxi Tieguanyin tea culture system, Inner Mongolia Alu Horqin grassland nomadic system, Hebei Shexian dry farming Shiyan terrace system were recognized by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization as the world's important agricultural cultural heritage, and my country's global important agricultural cultural heritage increased to 18 The number of items ranks first in the world.
In the long history, mankind has created a splendid farming civilization. In the thousands of years of agricultural labor practice, the Chinese nation has nurtured infinite farming wisdom, and created a variety of agricultural systems such as terraces, rice and fish, nomads, and courtyards. The colorful folk culture such as the fish lantern dance in Qingtian has left behind many agricultural cultural heritages that are still alive today.
Today, when we enter the agricultural cultural heritage as a tourist, what kind of scenery can we see? What farming culture can you taste? Today, how can the agricultural cultural heritage, which has gone through thousands of years, shine better now and in the future?
What you see is the scenery, but also the farming wisdom that has been passed down for thousands of years
"The river has ten thousand bays and more clear water, and there are no piles of yellow flowers in the fields." Every year around April, in Xinghua, Jiangsu, the rape blossoms bloom. , tourists can take a boat to shuttle in the staggered port branches, or they can get into the rapeseed field on the stack and indulge in it.
In Yunnan, the layered Honghe Hani terraces, with rich colors and picturesque scenery, interpret what is meant by "nature overturned the palette", presenting a beautiful artwork of "earth sculpture".
These beautiful or majestic landscapes have the same title - Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage.
Zhejiang Huzhou mulberry fish pond system, Jiangxi Wannian rice culture system, Yunnan Pu'er ancient tea garden and tea culture system, Inner Mongolia Aohan dry farming system... Looking at my country's important global agricultural cultural heritage, each has its own unique scenery.
More importantly, behind the scenery, there is a farming wisdom and culture that has been passed down for thousands of years and is still dazzling.
How unique and eye-catching?
In 2012, my country took the lead in carrying out the excavation of national agricultural cultural heritage. So far, 6 batches of 138 important agricultural cultural heritages in China have been identified.
"To become a globally important agricultural cultural heritage, it must first be included in the list of China's important agricultural cultural heritage, and on the preliminary list of globally important agricultural cultural heritage. On this basis, five criteria must be met: food and livelihood security; biodiversity and ecological Versatility; unique agricultural knowledge system and adaptive technology; unique agricultural cultural value system and social organization, otherwise it cannot be passed down to today; unique natural landscape and land and water management system. In addition, the selected heritage It also has a relatively long history and promises future protection measures." Li Xiande, vice chairman of the Scientific Advisory Group of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and a researcher at the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, told reporters.
It can be seen that without the accumulation of history, the condensation of wisdom, and the inheritance of culture, it is impossible to describe China's splendid farming civilization as an important global agricultural cultural heritage.
More than 1,300 years ago, the ancestors of Qingtian faced the geographical conditions of "nine mountains, half water and half fields" and created a rice-fish symbiosis system of "fertilizing fields with fish, raising fish with rice, and coexisting with fish food". There is a landscape with fish in all water; the ancestors of the mulberry fish pond system built water conservancy projects to drain and prevent floods, dig deep depressions that have accumulated water all year round into fish ponds, and pile up pond mud around them as pond foundations, which have a history of more than 2,500 years. The green circular ecological model of "raising fish in ponds, planting mulberries on bases, feeding silkworms with mulberry leaves, feeding fish with silkworm sand, ponds with fish manures, and stagnant mulberries in pond mud"; Hani rice terrace system makes full use of mountain resources, forming a forest in The upper, the village is in the middle, the terraced fields are at the bottom, and the ecological layout of the water system runs through it...
"These farming cultures, which represent Chinese wisdom, have contributed rich and leading farming methods to the world, created magnificent agro-ecological landscapes, and are of great value for the protection of species heritage resources and biodiversity." Expert of Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Sun Yehong, a member of the committee and a professor at the School of Tourism of Beijing Union University, said that my country's 18 globally important agricultural cultural heritages involve almost all industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, as well as various systems of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and sands. The charm of ancient Chinese agricultural culture is displayed on the international stage.
Li Xiande analyzed that the farming wisdom and civilization contained in my country's globally important agricultural cultural heritage can be mainly summarized into three points.
First, it fully embodies the wisdom of the ancient Chinese in the sustainable use of agricultural resources. For example, the ancestors of the Xinghua Duotian agricultural system dug low-lying land into ponds in low-lying areas that could not be used for agricultural production, and raised the land to form ponds. By planting crops, the land that has been flooded for years has become a land of fish and rice, making maximum use of limited agricultural resources and increasing the output of arable land.
Second, it reflects the wisdom of the ancient Chinese to explore and develop ecological green agriculture.
Before the invention of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, there were various methods of pest control in traditional Chinese agriculture, such as pest control, as well as farming measures to block the spread of pests and diseases through flood and drought rotation, crop rotation and other means. These measures still exist in agricultural cultural heritage sites. Heavy use.
The third is that the rich cultural forms contain a lot of farming knowledge and life wisdom. The Hani Four Seasons Production Survey records the production techniques and etiquette taboos of terraced fields in the mountains, and guides people what agricultural production activities to do in what season.
Therefore, when we walk into the world's important agricultural cultural heritage, what we can see and understand is not only the magnificent or beautiful scenery, but also the continuous and splendid Chinese agricultural civilization.
When agricultural heritage and tourism collide and merge, what can tourists and local residents gain?
Entering the Qingtian Rice-fish Symbiosis System Museum, the main exhibition hall of Qingtian Rice-fish Symbiosis System, the Hall of Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage List, China Rice Culture Hall, Oujiang Freshwater Fish Hall and other exhibition halls fully display the historical origin and ecological model of the rice-fish symbiosis system. , farming skills and cultural inheritance and development.
"The main building of the museum is shaped by the vivid image of fish, which is in harmony with the mountains, rivers, forests, and villages in the heritage site. It borrows the scenery to enter the room and takes care of the inside and outside, which implies the traditional farming wisdom of the harmony between man and nature." Staff of Qingtian Rice-fish Symbiosis System Museum Hong Yuli told reporters that this open natural ecological museum is a window to understand the rice-fish symbiosis system and important agricultural cultural heritage in Qingtian.
This window is a business card of Qingtian tourism today.
In addition, theme parks, the "Love of Rice and Fish" cultural festival, and Qingtian fish lantern dance performances are also important parts of the development of agricultural heritage tourism.
Agricultural cultural heritage is the farming culture classroom left by the ancients with diligence and wisdom, and now it has also become a tourism resource.
Compared with simple sightseeing tours, the resource of agricultural cultural heritage can give tourists more cultural experience.
Sun Yehong observed that in recent years, agricultural cultural heritage has attracted many tourists, and many agricultural cultural heritage sites are actively integrating agriculture, culture and tourism, fully excavating the culture and wisdom contained in local agricultural cultural heritage, developing related tourism products, and using tourism as a driving heritage site. An important way to develop the economy, enhance the brand value of heritage sites and improve the livelihoods of residents.
For example, the mulberry fish pond system features research and study tours, forming a base for scientific research and experience; the Honghe Hani rice terrace system combines terrace sightseeing with photography, ethnic culture, and ecological health care to provide tourists with a rich tourism experience.
There are also some agricultural and cultural heritage sites to explore themed tourism products, establish theme restaurants, theme museums, etc., and strive to present the characteristics of agricultural heritage to tourists.
Such exploration and development are indeed not rare.
The reporter learned in the interview that Anxi, Fujian, which "does not talk about world affairs, first taste Guanyin tea", has launched a number of tourism routes with the theme of tea culture.
"Tourists can visit the 'Haisi Tea Road' in Anxi, listen to tea culture classes in the birthplace of Tieguanyin, watch waterfalls and listen to springs in the tea fields of Tea Mountain, walk the ancient tea garden road, watch tea art performances, experience tea making, etc." Anxi County Agriculture and Rural Areas Zhang Changshui, a member of the party group of the bureau and director of the Agricultural Zoning Center, told reporters.
Sun Yehong believes that on the basis of traditional sightseeing tours, agricultural heritage tourism is more important to provide tourists with heritage-related knowledge and experience.
Therefore, research and study tours, ecological health care tours, and farming experience tours are important forms of tourism in agricultural cultural heritage sites.
Due to the close integration of agricultural and cultural heritage tourism products with the life, production and ecological environment of local residents, travel will have more local characteristics and a sense of integration, and it has also become an important factor in attracting tourists.
Li Xiande told reporters that Guangxi Longji Terraced Fields, Jiangsu Xinghua Duotian Agricultural System, and Yunnan Honghe Hani Terraced Fields have many merits in the integrated development of agriculture, culture and tourism.
Taking Longji terraced fields as an example, in addition to the spectacular and beautiful scenery, Longji terraced fields are inhabited by ethnic minorities such as Zhuang and Yao. Tourists can experience traditional agricultural production activities such as transplanting rice seedlings, ploughing fields, harvesting rice, catching fish, making glutinous rice cakes, etc. Experience ethnic minority songs and dances such as the Bamboo Bar, the Bride Carrying, the Long Drum, the Red Clothes Festival, the Clothes Drying Festival and other special festivals.
"The homestays and restaurants of Longji terraced fields have developed very well, which has driven the employment of villagers in Dazhai Village, where the terraced fields are located." In Li Xiande's view, the most worthwhile study for the development of tourism in Longji terraced fields is the benefit distribution mechanism with the participation of multiple parties in the tourism industry. : Taking part of the income of the scenic spot as the usage fee for the terraced landscape and the compensation for the maintenance of the terraced fields greatly improves the enthusiasm of farmers to plant rice.
Tourists have enjoyed the farming landscape and gained cultural experience; local residents live comfortably in the green mountains and green waters, and have higher income; the essence of farming culture that has been passed down for thousands of years not only continues to shine, but also becomes more famous - in the continuous promotion of agriculture In the practice of cultural heritage protection, the road of integrated development of agriculture, culture and tourism with appropriate "heat" is undoubtedly a win-win model for all parties.
How to "live" agricultural cultural heritage better by protecting it during excavation and inheriting it during utilization
Today, we can have a dialogue with the thousands of years of Chinese agricultural civilization that has come from history, and we can see with our own eyes the ravines, hills, rice and fish. It is inseparable from our country's efforts in the exploration, protection, inheritance and utilization of agricultural cultural heritage. effort.
In 2002, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations launched the Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage Initiative. China is the earliest responder, firm supporter, successful practitioner, important promoter and major contributor to this initiative.
In 2012, my country took the lead in launching the excavation of important agricultural cultural heritage in the world.
In 2016, the Central "No. 1 Document" clearly proposed to carry out the census and protection of agricultural cultural heritage.
"In order to find out the bottom line of China's agricultural cultural heritage, in 2016, the former Ministry of Agriculture carried out a national census of important agricultural cultural heritage, and Beijing, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places also carried out provincial-level agricultural cultural heritage censuses." Li Xiande introduced, my country has also established an agricultural cultural heritage monitoring and evaluation system, carried out a series of agricultural cultural heritage resource utilization and industrial development work, launched the "Agricultural Heritage Goods" publicity campaign, and launched the "Agricultural Heritage Goods Selection Plan" to improve the brand awareness of agricultural cultural heritage.
In addition, a large number of scientific researchers conduct scientific research in the field of agricultural cultural heritage to promote the development and utilization of heritage resources.
Sun Yehong believes that government departments, universities, scientific research institutes, and local communities all attach great importance to agricultural cultural heritage.
According to statistics, the value-added of agricultural product brands brought by the global important agricultural cultural heritage is about 10% to 30%. The protection and utilization of the global important agricultural cultural heritage contributes nearly 40% to the direct income of local residents, and attracts some people to return to their hometowns for employment. Enhanced the pride of farmers.
However, while the achievements are remarkable, there are also some problems in the protection and utilization of agricultural cultural heritage.
"For example, a national comprehensive protection list has not yet been established, the excavation and protection of animal husbandry and fishery is not enough, high-level scientific research is still insufficient, and the support for the community level of heritage sites still needs to be strengthened." Sun Yehong said.
Li Xiande believes that, at present, there are still some contradictions between the protection of important global agricultural cultural heritage and economic development; the outflow of young labor force leads to certain difficulties and challenges in the inheritance of traditional agricultural techniques and knowledge in heritage sites.
How to "live" the agricultural cultural heritage that is "living" in the process of excavation and inheritance, and in the process of utilization?
Li Xiande said that from the country to the county and city, a certain amount of financial support for the protection and development of important agricultural cultural heritage sites in the world and China should be given to facilitate local protection and development work; special support should be given to research on the mining of various values of agricultural cultural heritage in the field of scientific research. Scientific research talents shall dig deep into the economic, social, cultural, ecological, technological and other values of agricultural cultural heritage; strengthen the cultivation of agricultural cultural heritage talents.
Agricultural cultural heritage is a living heritage, and its activeness and systematicness are its important characteristics.
Sun Yehong told reporters that the mining of the multiple values of agricultural cultural heritage is an important means for the dynamic protection and inheritance of agricultural cultural heritage.
The protection of agricultural cultural heritage is not to consolidate the agricultural production methods in the past, but to draw wisdom from tradition to better serve the future and sustainable development.
Specific to the protection and utilization path of the integrated development of agriculture, culture and tourism, Sun Yehong said that the development of tourism in agricultural cultural heritage sites is a dynamic protection path recognized by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. ability to continue to develop.
We cannot simply equate agricultural heritage tourism with general rural tourism. We should pay attention to the core of agricultural heritage tourism. Any development of tourism that is separated from agricultural production will cause damage to agricultural cultural heritage.
Agricultural heritage tourism must focus on the participation of local communities and residents. Trying to develop tourism without local residents is impossible for agricultural heritage sites.
The development of agricultural heritage tourism should focus on the dissemination of heritage value, and the value transmission chain of agricultural cultural heritage should be formed through the participation of tourists. product.
(Reporter Chen Chen of this newspaper)
my country's 18 Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritages
Zhejiang Qingtian rice-fish symbiosis system in 2005 (the year of identification, the same below)
Jiangxi Wannian Rice Culture System 2010
Yunnan Honghe Hani Rice Terrace System 2010
Rice-fish-duck compound system in Dong Township, Congjiang, Guizhou, 2011
Yunnan Pu'er Ancient Tea Garden and Tea Culture System 2012
Inner Mongolia Aohan dry farming system in 2012
Ancient Fragrant Torreya Cluster in Kuaiji Mountain, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 2013
Hebei Xuanhua City Traditional Vineyard 2013
Shaanxi Jiaxian Ancient Jujube Garden in 2014
Jiangsu Xinghua Duotian Traditional Agricultural System 2014
Fujian Fuzhou Jasmine and Tea Culture System 2014
Gansu Diebu Zhagana Agriculture, Forestry and Animal Husbandry Complex System 2017
Zhejiang Huzhou Mulberry Fish Pond System 2017
The ancient mulberry tree group of the old Yellow River road in Xiajin, Shandong in 2018
Southern China Mountain Rice Terrace System 2018
(Fujian Youxi United Terraces, Jiangxi Chongyi Hakka Terraces
Hunan Xinhua Ziquejie Terraced Fields, Guangxi Longsheng Longji Terraced Fields)
Fujian Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System 2022
Inner Mongolia Alu Horqin grassland nomadic system in 2022
Hebei Shexian Dry Farming Shiyan Terrace System in 2022
(Organized by Chen Chen)