With the undergraduate, master and doctoral degree, can the cultivation of intangible cultural heritage talents start a prairie prairie?

  Every time he has a "dialogue" with the splendid civilization, Yang Xinran, a middle school student in Jiangsu, finds it mysterious and full of interest.

  As a member of the school's intangible cultural heritage team, she learned to make Soviet-style boat points with her classmates, experienced clay sculpture making, and experienced Kesi skills.

This 15-year-old girl is determined to become a professional intangible cultural heritage protection talent and continue the roots of Chinese civilization.

  But after several searches, she found that there was no way to study: there are very few colleges and universities that offer undergraduate majors in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and there are very few related master's and doctoral programs.

Parents warned: "Intangible cultural heritage protection, just be a hobby, not a meal."

  "On the one hand, there are the intangible cultural heritages in China that are in urgent need of scientific support, and on the other hand, there are young people who have no way to study. Due to the misalignment of disciplines, the lag of discipline construction, and the inability to keep up with the times, our intangible cultural heritage protection is in a dilemma. ." Feng Jicai, a professor at Tianjin University, was worried about this.

  The good news is that the predicament is being broken.

  Recently, a news that "Lanzhou College of Arts and Sciences has set up an undergraduate major in intangible cultural heritage protection" has attracted much attention.

The reporter's investigation found that as early as the beginning of last year, the Ministry of Education had included the protection of intangible cultural heritage in the catalog of undergraduate majors in ordinary colleges and universities, and the majors that were listed at the same time but formed a contrast are "quantum information science" and "intelligent interaction design". In October last year, the country's first interdisciplinary master's degree authorization center in intangible cultural heritage settled in Tianjin University, which was regarded as "the high-level professional training of intangible cultural heritage protection talents has entered the 'fast lane'".

1. From rescue protection to scientific protection, talent training is the key

  Intangible cultural heritage protection, why can it be included in the new undergraduate majors together with a group of new formats?

  Relevant data shows that at present, my country has established a national, provincial, municipal and county-level directory system with Chinese characteristics. A total of more than 100,000 representative items of intangible cultural heritage have been identified, and 1,557 representative items of national intangible cultural heritage have been identified. There are 6,819 traditional villages that have been identified.

  The rich intangible cultural heritage "family" is gratifying.

But at the same time, another set of data is worrying: during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the shortage of cultural heritage protection and management talents is as many as 100,000 people.

  "Our heritage is too large, and the talents are far from enough. Japan and South Korea are the earliest countries in the world to carry out intangible cultural heritage protection. There are some experts behind each intangible cultural heritage. Most of us now have no experts. , and there are few successors. After clarifying the family background, the protection of intangible cultural heritage has moved from the stage of 'rescue protection' to the stage of 'scientific protection', but without scientific support and scientific judgment, it is the biggest weakness at present." Feng Jicai told reporters.

  "Faithful narrator, interpreter of connotation, and promoter of activation." In the eyes of Xiao Fang, director of the Department of Anthropology and Folklore, School of Sociology, Beijing Normal University, a sound intangible cultural heritage protection team must be able to take on the above roles .

  But in fact, many places are not only unable to achieve "soundness", but even "stability" is difficult to achieve.

"Many local teams have insufficient numbers, making it difficult to undertake heavy protection tasks; the quality structure is unreasonable, and it is difficult to ensure the quality of protection work. In particular, there are few theoretical research personnel, and there is a lack of in-depth research on intangible cultural heritage protection and protection work. It is difficult to be scientific and standardized." Xiao Fang said.

  A person in charge of the grass-roots cultural department told reporters that most of the units responsible for the protection of intangible cultural heritage are located in cultural centers at all levels, but the personnel here are aging, it is difficult to move, there are few professionals with low education and professional titles, and business personnel receive on-the-job training and continue. Insufficient education, it is difficult to adapt to and undertake a large number of resource censuses, field investigations, data sorting, project text and video production, formulation and implementation of protection plans in the protection of intangible cultural heritage under the new situation. Technical, academic and practical work.

  In the absence of professional talents, the scientific protection of intangible cultural heritage is impossible to talk about.

  Some scholars have reported that due to the lack of professionals with certain theoretical literacy and good management skills, there have been deviations in the protection of intangible cultural heritage in some places. For example, cultural and ecological protection areas have been built into tourist areas or even development areas; In the case of productive protection, in order to pursue profit, the core technology of traditional handcrafting is even abandoned, which is contrary to the basic principles of intangible cultural heritage protection.

  "The root cause of the problem lies in the setting of disciplines in our universities. There are no independent disciplines such as cultural heritage and folk arts. Although some universities have opened courses on intangible cultural heritage protection and scientific research, because they do not have their own discipline status, they can only They are reluctantly attached to neighboring disciplines. They cannot recruit students independently, do not have their own qualifications, and the evaluation of graduation is also limited by the disciplines they are attached to. Teaching and research of intangible cultural heritage is difficult.” Feng Jicai said, “Intangible cultural heritage professional education has entered the system of higher education. Lilai allows us to cultivate talents in this field in a planned and continuous manner. This is not only the need for the protection of intangible cultural heritage itself, but in the future, we will gradually have a solid backbone to carry forward the excellent Chinese culture. "

 2. From unpopular to academic growth point, rationality is needed under the boom

  At present, how is the development of intangible cultural heritage education in colleges and universities in my country?

  Zhang Bo, a researcher at the Institute of Peking Studies at Beijing Union University, told reporters that the current participation of colleges and universities in the protection of intangible cultural heritage is carried out from multiple levels, multiple perspectives, and multiple paths: "For example, as early as 2002, the Central Academy of Fine Arts intangible cultural heritage. The research center and the China Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Center of Sun Yat-sen University have been established successively, and some colleges and universities have incorporated intangible cultural heritage into classroom teaching, held academic lectures, and carried out postgraduate education in the direction of intangible cultural heritage, which has played a positive role in promoting the protection of intangible cultural heritage. ."

  The reporter combed and found that in August 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage", which clearly stated that "intangible cultural heritage content throughout national education" and "strengthening colleges and universities." Intangible cultural heritage discipline system and professional construction, support qualified colleges and universities to independently add master’s and doctoral programs”, etc.

Since then, there has been an upsurge in the establishment of intangible cultural heritage protection majors in colleges and universities.

  However, in this process, due to problems such as the hasty launch and the lack of teaching materials and teachers, many schools' intangible cultural heritage majors are suspected of being "hot spots", and they are under the name of "intangible cultural heritage majors", but they actually open opera literature, arts and crafts, etc. Courses, lack of systematic teaching of basic theories of intangible cultural heritage protection, etc., have largely failed to undertake the important task of intangible cultural heritage protection.

  There have been media reports that a county cooperated with a university to open an "undergraduate class" of Dong nationality songs. The practice is to require every institution in the county, including the school, to report a student, and teach Chinese and foreign music for 10 days in a semester. Shi, learn a few more Dong songs, and spend the rest of the time reading and studying at home.

After 3 years of "study completion", they must take the National Adult College Entrance Examination for the arts. The subjects are English, mathematics, and art. After passing the exam, they will obtain a bachelor's degree certificate.

  "How much can this short-term study and unrelated examinations play a role in the protection of non-genetic inheritance?" a student asked.

  During the interview, many experts called for the intangible cultural heritage protection major to change from an unpopular to a discipline growth point, and a boom in opening up, but it still needs rational thinking and careful treatment.

  "The establishment of a discipline is a big step forward, but immediately faced with the problem of teachers and teaching materials." Tian Qing, a researcher at the China Academy of Arts, said that some schools responded quickly and established majors, but many "laymen" changed their minds and talked about nonsense. The legacy is actually a misunderstood child.

  3. From textbook construction to teacher training, intangible cultural heritage education should focus on practice

  To cultivate a high-level professional team of intangible cultural heritage protection talents, where should colleges and universities make efforts?

  In Feng Jicai's view, three things are very important: one is the compilation of textbooks, the second is the establishment of training goals, and the third is the smooth way of employment.

  "Without theoretical support and disciplinary support, the protection of intangible cultural heritage may fall into blindness, irrationality or unconsciousness. What is intangible cultural heritage, what are the characteristics, history, and inheritance methods of intangible cultural heritage, these concepts need to be clear. There is no rigorous and precise set of concepts. The knowledge system cannot be built." Feng Jicai revealed that he is now focusing most of his energy on the compilation of teaching materials for intangible cultural heritage protection talents.

On the course schedule for the incoming freshmen in September, the country's first interdisciplinary master's degree program in intangible cultural heritage will offer a series of heavy courses such as "Xi Jinping on Cultural Heritage".

  As for the establishment of training goals, Feng Jicai believes that different stages of study should have hierarchical and progressive considerations: "For example, vocational education focuses more on the acquisition of knowledge and skills; undergraduate and master's stages should focus on training research and management. Talents, the doctoral stage is a higher-level scientific research talent.”

  "In addition, it is necessary to open up employment channels and accurately transfer the cultivated talents to the most needed positions." Feng Jicai said.

  Xiao Fang believes that the discipline of intangible cultural heritage needs to be built scientifically, rationally, in stages and step by step, and the construction of teaching staff is the key: "Intangible cultural heritage is a very interdisciplinary subject, including folklore, sociology, management and other disciplines. Content. Colleges and universities need to strengthen top-level design and cross-integration in order to build a team of teachers that can not only meet the characteristics of intangible cultural heritage disciplines, but also meet practical needs.”

  "With disciplines, without teachers, it is meaningless." Tian Qing also holds the same point of view, "You can set up more training for young teachers in related professions, which is a top priority."

  "The cultivation of intangible cultural heritage protection talents must emphasize the field, and move the desk to the field, the earth, and the life of the common people." In Feng Jicai's conception, Tianjin University's postgraduate training for intangible cultural heritage protection will also be related to local The practice base is closely integrated. "Our students need to go out to do fieldwork and work at the practice base, not only to understand life, but also to do things. Only when education and cultural reality are closely integrated can the discipline of intangible cultural heritage protection be full of vitality. , to address real needs.”

  (Reporter Deng Hui of this newspaper)