□Li Xuepu
Chinese garden art, with its rigorous and ingenious layout, exquisite and superb skills, beautiful scenery, beautiful scenery of birds and flowers, and the essence of poetic and picturesque, let the "kite flying in the sky" 'touring the garden' to rest their minds and do business in the world. Those who 'peep the scene' and forget to return."
Classical gardens have a history of 3,000 years and can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
According to historical records, King Tang of Shang "resides in the courtyard, and never stops to see things"; King Ji of Zhou Cheng recites "Standing in the Yaotai of Tongguan and managing the world"; Duke Zhuang of Qin "must stay in the museum for a banquet every time he goes hunting" (see Gu Jiegang's "Ancient History Debate"). "Volume 144), which shows that the ancient emperors rested and enjoyed themselves in the garden, and at the same time managed politics and affairs.
The historical footprint of Chinese classical garden construction, from the perspective of its establishment, thinking and artistic expression, has gone through four development periods: first, from the Shang and Zhou to the Warring States period. The garden construction in this period was based on the planning and utilization of natural landscapes. There are fewer buildings, and there is a lack of human landscape construction, in which herbivorous wild animals and birds are stocked for viewing and hunting.
Therefore, most of the garden attributes are restricted, which is expressed as a naturalistic gardening technique.
According to historical records, the famous imperial garden "Sand Dunes" or "Sand Dunes Garden" in the Yin-Shang Dynasty is a typical representative of naturalistic gardening.
It is located 20 miles northeast of Xingping Township (now Guangzong County, Hebei Province).
According to Zhang Shoujie's "Historical Records of Justice" in the Tang Dynasty, the sand dunes are located in the south of Chaoge, and in the north to Handan.
In the period of King Zhou of Shang, the park "received dogs and horses, and filled the palaces; Yiguang sand dunes gardens were filled with beasts and birds..." During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the sand dunes were still used by Zhao State, and even After Qin unified the six kingdoms, Qin Shihuang made his fifth patrol and "died on the sand dune platform".
In addition, the "Haochi" in the time of King Cheng of Zhou and the "spiritual confinement" in the time of King Wen of Zhou all relied on the natural mountains and waters to build the halls in them, creating a naturalistic living space for entertainment purposes.
Followed by Qin, Han to the Three Kingdoms period (221 BC-AD 265), is the period of realism gardening.
The idea of gardening in this period was to imitate nature.
Gardeners have evolved from simply using nature to using and transforming nature.
However, there are still traces of the previous era. The garden is based on nature and pursues the vastness.
Such as Shanglin Garden, Liang Garden, Ying'e Pool, Kunming Pool, Taiye Pool, Zhaoxiang Garden, Royal Suyuan Garden, Zhuolong Garden, Bigui Lingkun Garden, Tongque Terrace and Fanglin Garden in the Three Kingdoms era, all of them are based on natural elements. Wild, to create a vast as the characteristic.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he built a palace in Xianyang, and developed a garden form with a palace on the basis of "confinement", which is also called a palace garden.
For example, Qin Shihuang built Shanglin Garden in the south of the Weishui River, and many Li Palaces were built in the garden for amusement.
In Xianyang, he "made a long pond, led the Wei River... and built the soil into Penglai Mountain" ("San Qin Ji"), which created a record of artificially built mountains.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che, built a garden garden, and in the second year of Jianyuan (138 BC), it was expanded on the basis of Shanglin Garden in the Qin Dynasty.
After the completion of Shanglin Garden, the scale is magnificent, there are many palaces, and there are many amusement contents.
Shanglin Garden spans 300 miles across Chang'an (now Xi'an), Xianning, Xuzhi (now Zhouzhi), Hu County (now Huxian), and Lantian, covering almost the vast area south and southwest of the capital Chang'an. .
According to the "Book of Han Jiuyi": "There are hundreds of animals in the garden, and there are countless animals in the hunting garden of the emperor in the spring and autumn. Among them, there are 70 Li Palaces, which can accommodate thousands of horses." It can be seen that the tradition of shooting and hunting is still maintained, but The main content is the garden pond of the palace building.
According to "Guanzhong Ji", there are 36 gardens, 12 palaces and 35 temples in Shanglin Garden.
Such as Jianzhang Palace, Xuanqu Palace, Dog Terrace Palace, Running Dog View, Zouma View, Fish and Bird View, Elephant View, White Deer View, Grape Palace, Fuli Palace, Chengguang Palace, Chuyuan Palace, etc.
There are also many ponds in Shanglin Garden, including Kunming Pond, Hao Pond, Sacrificial Pond, Mi Pond, Niushou Pond, Kuai Pond, Jicao Pond, Dongpi Pond, Danglu Pond, Dayi Pond, Lang Pond, etc.
Among them, the Kunming Pool was excavated in the fourth year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (119 BC). It is located in the southwest of Chang'an and has a circumference of 20 kilometers.
In ancient times, some gardens and gardens related to emperors, their cultural meanings and backgrounds were more helpful for viewing landscape gardens.
For example, Mount Li in Lintong, in addition to the evening photo of Mount Li, one of the eight scenic spots in Guanzhong, which has long enjoyed a good reputation, the hot spring of Mount Li that has been around for thousands of years, and the palaces, pavilions, ponds and trees that have been rebuilt in the past, there are also countless vicissitudes. rumor.
When tourists see the ruins of the beacon tower here, they will recall the farce of the princes in the beacon play of King You of Zhou.
In the Jiangnan gardens that have survived to this day, many garden owners were famous literary figures at that time, and some were designed with the help of famous poets and painters, which themselves have a heavy cultural color.
Rumengxi Garden commemorates Shen Kuo, a famous scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Shen Kuo was a literati and an official, and he was extremely knowledgeable.
With the changes of history, most of these writings have been lost, but the "Mengxi Bi Tan" written in the garden in his later years has been handed down and is especially respected by people.
The three characters "Mengxi Garden" engraved on the forehead of the white marble gate facing the garden are the handwriting of contemporary bridge expert Mao Yisheng.
Entering the garden, there is a frontal portrait of Shen Kuo in official uniform hanging in the middle hall.
The two couplets are written and written by the calligrapher Xiao Xian, "A generation of Tianjian, Qianqiu said Mengxi".
Stepping into the backyard, the mountains and stones are exquisite, the new trees are beautiful, and the trees are green.
Going up the stairs is the Shen Kuo Memorial Hall.
There is a small stream in front of the hall, which is set up according to the pattern described in "Garden Chronicles" that year: "In the water out of the gorge, one of the stragglers surrounding the land", this is the famous Mengxi.
When it comes to the word "Mengxi", Shen Kuo also has a long and affectionate narration in "Mengxi Self-reported".
It turned out that when he was about 30 years old, he had several dreams, dreaming of traveling in one place, there was a small mountain, the mountain was full of flowers, as if covered with a cloud of brocade, and tall trees blocked the sky.
There was a crystal clear stream down the mountain, which made him very happy.
More than ten years later, when Shen Kuo was exiled from Xuancheng, a Taoist told him about the beautiful landscape of Jingkou (that is, Zhenjiang), and it happened that the people in the city had an old garden to sell. A garden.
Later, Shen Kuo was deposed because of his crimes and traveled everywhere. When passing through Zhenjiang, he saw the garden he had purchased, and he was surprised that it was the place he had traveled in his dream.
So the family moved to Zhenjiang and named it "Mengxi".
Although the scenery of Mengxi Garden is simple, its meaning is very profound.
This ancient garden also has a certain status in cultural history.
Gardens should capture the beauty of natural mountains and forests in a small range, so that "eight poles can be surrounded by an inch of eyes, and all things can be in one day", and often use artistic symbols or metaphors to give limited landscape images. With infinite meaning, the general garden scenery has a higher ornamental value.
For example, Ge Garden in Yangzhou is not only famous for its bamboo, but its four-season rockery is also unique among domestic gardens.
In the real world, the four seasons cannot co-occur, and the landscaping of the Four Seasons Mountain itself contains the meaning of "what is true is false, and what is false becomes true".
Spring is the earliest in the year, and Spring Mountain is at the entrance of Yuanshan Mountain.
This is a group of mountain and stone flower terraces for landscaping: however, there are bamboo clumps planted on the stage, and a few stalagmites are lit among the bamboos, which inspires visitors to think of "spring coming" with the comparison of spring shoots after rain.
Behind the bamboo forest is a whitewashed wall with leaky windows. The light and shadow of the bamboo and stone are projected on the wall.
If the rocks are the skeleton of the garden, then the water and spring are the blood of the garden.
In the process of garden construction, the drainage of the spring is also important.
Since the Qin Emperor and Han Wu diverted water into ponds, gardens of all dynasties have paid attention to the construction of water bodies in gardens.
Because the water potential is full of changes, it has the beauty of movement and stillness.
As said in "Huainanzi Ben Jingxun": "The depth of the dirt is deep, and the cliffs are far away. When you come to the stream of the valley and decorate the curved bank. Accumulate the rotating stones and repair the mud with pure. , in order to raise shock waves." For example, although Zhang Lun's house is dominated by rocks, he also pays attention to the "deep stream caves" against the rocks.
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty built Luoyang Xiyuan, especially the spring in the garden.
"Book of Sui Food and Goods" contains: "(Yangdi) opened canals to divert valleys and Luoshui, enter from the west of the garden, and enter Luo from the east." Liu Axe, a Song Dynasty person, said in "Haishan Ji of Emperor Yangdi of Sui" that the west There are sixteen courtyards in the garden, the earth is gathered into mountains, and the five lakes and four seas are carved... Each lake is forty miles away... The lake is filled with soil to form mountains, pavilions are built, thousands of rooms, and the Beihai Lu ring is cut for forty miles. There are three mountains, Penglai, Abbot, and Yingzhou, all of which are terraces and corridors. The water depth is several zhang, the narrow lake, the five lakes, and the North Sea, all pass through the dragon and phoenix, and the emperors are more than the East Lake. Volume Five").
The combination of water features, mountains and buildings is so ingenious, all of which show that water bodies have the artistic function of organizing huge garden space and countless natural and architectural scenes in garden aesthetics.
The water in the ancient garden is the vivid finishing touch to the landscape.
"Clouds and mists moisten the flowers without paying attention, and the sound of the waves shakes Daming Lake", this is a pair of couplets engraved on the pillars of Luoyuan Hall in Baotu Spring, Jinan. It is the famous poem of Yuan calligraphy and painter Zhao Mengfu, who wrote this famous spring. The beauty of shape and sound.
At the end of autumn and early winter, because the temperature of Baotu Spring is higher than the surrounding temperature, a layer of water vapor is condensed on the water surface, like a haze lingering, and the sound of the spring adds to the charm of this moving scene.
Chinese classical gardens are unique in the history of gardening in the world. They are closely related to ancient philosophy and aesthetics.
Today, Chinese garden culture has not gradually weathered with history, but has retained the spiritual core of traditional garden culture, followed the continuous growth of modern aesthetics and contemporary culture, and is embarking on a unique new Chinese garden path.