The ancient capital Chang'an was the political and cultural center of the Tang Dynasty, as well as the center of creation and dissemination of literature in the Tang Dynasty.
There are a lot of masterpieces in Tang poetry describing Chang'an, and Chang'an also witnessed the life trajectory and literary activities of Tang Dynasty poets.
It can be said that the city of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty 1,300 years ago was filled with the fragrance of poetry.
The relationship between the ancient capital Chang'an and the literature of the Tang Dynasty is an academic proposition with very broad boundaries and rich connotations, involving many different aspects.
We have limited time for today's lecture and cannot fully expand this topic, so we only select the relatively small perspective of social space and literary communication, and discuss the Tang Dynasty literature in Chang'an City from the perspective of "social space", mainly the situation of Tang poetry. .
The so-called "social space" refers to the living and cultural space constructed by people through group activities.
Chang'an's social space is often written into poems by Tang Dynasty poets.
Bai Juyi has a poem "Climbing to the Guanyin Terrace and Watching the City": "Hundreds of thousands of houses are like a game of Go, and the 12th street is like a vegetable garden. Recognizing Wei Wei in the morning fire, one star has five gates to the west." Guanyintai is the main peak of Nanwutai, located in Chang'an. Not far south of the city.
Poetry Writing When I climbed the Guanyin Tower in the early morning and overlooked Chang'an, I wrote four poems in three spaces, which were written in Guocheng, the imperial city and the palace city.
"Hundreds of thousands of schools are like a game of Go", it is written that the outer Guocheng is as neat as a chessboard, horizontal and vertical.
"The Twelve Streets are like vegetable gardens", writing that the main twelve streets of the imperial city are horizontal and vertical like a vegetable garden; "Recognizing Wei Wei in the morning fire, a star and five gates west", writing that hundreds of officials went to Daming Palace in the early morning Upward scene.
The so-called "five gates" refer to the five gates in the south of Daming Palace with Danfeng Gate as the center.
Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty was a magnificent capital with an area of 84 square kilometers. According to the different cultural connotations and external representations, it can be divided into different social spaces such as political etiquette, religious beliefs, business and trade, garden tours, and daily life. All these provide a special perspective for the study of Tang Dynasty literature.
Although woodblock printing existed in the Tang Dynasty, it was mainly used to print Buddhist scriptures and imperial calendars. The dissemination of literary works at that time mainly relied on hand copying and singing, so the relationship between poetry dissemination and regional space was particularly close.
Therefore, whether it can be located in the Chang'an Cultural Center is very important for the poetry names and poems of Tang Dynasty poets.
In the different social spaces and cultural circles of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty, the dissemination of poetry took on different paths and appearances.
As a result, three cultural circles with different functions are formed: the court culture circle, the scholar culture circle and the citizen culture circle.
Tang poetry is the most active cultural element flowing between various circles.
The three cultural circles are both independent and interrelated. The favor of the emperor is an important boost to the communication, the fashion of the scholars is the main body of the communication, the preferences of the common people play a boosting role in the transmission of Tang poetry, the elegant collection of literati and music singing are also is the most representative mode of communication.
Investigating the relationship between Chang'an's social space and literary dissemination can not only open up a new perspective for the study of Tang Dynasty literature, but also expand a new aspect for the study of Chang'an's ancient capital culture.
Tang Poetry Communication Center
Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty was not only the capital of the Tang Dynasty, but also an international metropolis in East Asia. The envoys and foreign students from Japan sent to Tang Dynasty traveled across the ocean to Datang, and the envoys and merchants from Central Asia and the Western Regions were walking on silk. Lu Tuoling passes through thousands of miles of wind and sand and gathers in Chang'an.
For the literati of the Tang Dynasty, it was the dream of almost all literati to be able to go to Chang'an and be famous in the capital.
If he succeeds in Chang'an, the poet's worth and prestige will be multiplied; on the contrary, outside Chang'an, the influence of his poetic name will be greatly limited.
For the poets of the Tang Dynasty, Chang’an was a special social and cultural space, both in literature and politics. For example, in Qing Yun’s “Chang’an Yanhuai Sending Shen Bin’s Servant”, the so-called “Chang’an grass is better than a border flower”.
For the poets of the Tang Dynasty, Chang’an was a special social and cultural space, both in literature and politics, and the American scholar Yuwen Soan also noticed this when discussing the capital poems of Chang’an in the early Tang Dynasty: “In the first half of the seventh century, The poets of Chang'an marveled at Chang'an, a great city, a contemporary spectacle, a living proof of the might of the Tang Empire. Serving in Chang'an means success, showing hope, and being an official elsewhere means failure."
Chang'an City has both a large group of poets and a group of relatively clever readers. Among the officials and candidate officials of the Tang Dynasty, there are a large number of poets.
According to Du You's "Tong Dian", there were more than 2,600 internal officials and more than 35,000 subordinate officials in the central government office during the Kaiyuan period.
The number of people who come to Beijing to take the exam every year is as many as thousands or even thousands of people in the Jinshi department alone.
Of course, these figures have changed a bit in the past three hundred years of the Tang Dynasty, and the bureaucracy will be more inflated in the later period.
In addition, there are thousands or even tens of thousands of "selection" groups who went to Beijing to choose, and most of the men who entered the office were influenced by the family tradition of "poetry and book heirlooms", and all of them were able to write poetry.
Therefore, poetry has an excellent dissemination effect in Chang'an. When "Tang Caizi Biography" records the deeds of the late Tang poet Zhao Bao, he said that "one day's fame moves the capital, and three days spreads all over the world", which can be regarded as the most vivid example of the dissemination of Tang poetry in Chang'an. generalize.
Many poets became famous because their poems were passed down in Chang'an and were recognized by the cultural circle of Chang'an. For example, the so-called "Four Scholars of Wuzhong", although they were geniuses from Jiangnan from Wuzhong, the "Old Tang Book" records that the four of them "all have The people of Wu and Yue, with handsome writing, were famous in Shangjing.” Shangjing refers to Chang’an.
Although the "Four Scholars of Wuzhong" came from the south of the Yangtze River, they became famous in Chang'an.
In historical documents, from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle and late Tang Dynasty, there are many examples of "famous moving capital". : "Learning and talented, the staff entered Chang'an, and within a few months, he became famous in the capital." Another example is the famous poet and monk Lingche in the mid-Tang Dynasty. "Tang Caizi Biography" said that he: "Zhenyuanzhong, traveled to the capital in the west, famous Zhen Xia." Nian Xia was referring to the capital.
Wang Wei and Li Bai, the famous poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, are two outstanding examples.
Wang Weinian came to Chang'an before he was weak, and was appreciated by the clan King Qi and Princess Yuzhen. He soon integrated into the cultural circle of Chang'an, and became famous at a young age. "Old Tang Books: Wang Wei's Biography" records:
Wei was famous for his poetry in Kaiyuan and Tianbao. Kunzhong and Huan traveled to the two capitals. All the kings, concubines, nobles, and nobles greeted him at the banquet. King Ning and King Xue treated him like teachers and friends.
Wang Wei entered Chang'an very early and lived here for a long time. He was active in various cultural circles in Chang'an. From the political space of the palace to the space of the market, the main aspects of Chang'an culture are presented in his poems.
His poems are full of the "Chang'an Interest" that was popular at the time, and thus became "a generation of Wenzong".
Li Bai was the same age as Wang Wei, but lived in seclusion in Shu. After leaving Shu, he roamed in Jingchu, Wuyue and other places for a long time. During the Kaiyuan period, he went to Chang'an to seek employment without success. It was not until the first year of Tianbao that he was recruited to Beijing.
His one-time honor was more than 20 years later than Wang Wei.
Moreover, the three years of enshrining the name of the Hanlin in Beijing were actually less than two years. He was immediately "granted gold to the mountains" and left Chang'an to continue his eastward journey. Li Bai was only a short-term visitor in Chang'an, and it was short-lived.
Therefore, his influence in Chang'an poetry circle was far less than Wang Wei's.
In the Tang Dynasty, the transportation was developed, and the stations were all over the whole territory. According to the "Tang Six Classics": "Where there is one station at 30 miles, there are nine in the world in 1,630. There are 260 water stations, 1,290. Seventeen land stations, eighty-six land and water.” This transportation network is actually a network of poetry dissemination.
As the center of poetry map, Chang'an is also the center and hub of Tang poetry dissemination network.
It was with the help of Chang'an's communication platform that Bai Juyi became a star of the scientific research that year.
In his letter "Yuan Jiu Shu" to a good friend, he once boasted proudly: "In ten years, he has ascended to the top three times, his name has fallen to the public's ears, his career has risen to the top, he has been virtuous and handsome, and he has entered the imperial court. "Because of this, Bai's literary name was established in Chang'an, and from Chang'an to the countryside: "From Chang'an to Jiangxi three or four thousand miles, there are often rural schools, Buddhist temples, reverse travel, and boating, there are often poems written by servants. The mouths of scholars, monks, widows, and virgins are all chanting poems by servants." Yuan Bai's singing harmony between Tongzhou and Jiangzhou "People from the south of the Yangtze River, preaching satirical recitations, rumors, and legends in the alleys, for the paper. Gui" ("Old Tang Book: The Biography of Yuan Zhen"), the two sang poems from Jiangnan to Chang'an. Chang'an is both the end point, the destination of communication, and a new starting point for re-communication.
The essence of dissemination is the sharing of information across time and space. Tang poetry is transmitted from local to capital along the post road, and then starts from the capital and spreads further afield. Border feudal countries outside the Central Plains and even East Asian countries can find Chang'an as the center. The center spreads traces of Tang poetry.
The preface to the epitaph written by Bai Juyi for Yuan Zhen said: "From Liugong, Liangdu, Bafang to Nanman and Dongyi, they are all written and biographical. Every chapter is written with a sentence, and it walks like wildfire, as fast as pearls and jade." Zhen Poetry's influence is thousands of miles away.
Japan sent Tang envoys to the Tang Dynasty thirteen times, and Chang'an was a must-see. While they took away the technology and culture, they also spread Tang poetry overseas.
It can be said that a poetry dissemination system centered on Chang'an was established in the Tang Dynasty.
Through transportation and population flow, from point to line, from line to network, and through various channels, Tang poetry was spread to the remote and barren places outside the Central Plains, and even to foreign countries.
Palace Space and the Spread of Tang Poems
From the early Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty were elegant and good in poetry and prose, which became an important aid for the dissemination of literature.
The goodness of the emperors of the Tang Dynasty played a vital role in the spread and prosperity of Tang poetry.
The masterpieces of Tang poetry were spread to the deep palace through various channels, and also circulated in the capital due to the emperor's preference.
As a space for political etiquette, the court is not only the end point of the poetry dissemination chain, but also the starting point of its re-dissemination.
In response to this phenomenon, Hu Zhenheng of the Ming Dynasty said: "There are more poetry collections in the Tang Dynasty than those compiled by the emperor's edict. For example, Wang Youcheng and Lu Yunyan do not care if they are in the dynasty. Duke Wu Xingzhou, Yi Shizi'er, also ordered his collection of poems. Set up the Yan Pavilion. What is even more different, King Luo Bin and Shangguan Wan’er, who have seen the law, still ordered the minister to write the preface after the biography, not to obliterate the name. If the poet is so important, the poetry will not be prosperous!” It is pointed out that the emperor not only participated in the poetry writing and singing, but also participated in the compilation, evaluation, dissemination and other links, and almost participated in the whole process of the poetry activities in Beijing.
The so-called "more dissimilar" seems to be puzzled on the surface, but in fact it reflects Hu's admiration for the prosperity of Tang poetry from the standpoint of the Ming people, so there is a sigh of "poetry is not prosperous" in the Tang Dynasty.
At the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, the great chaos was settled, which showed the good atmosphere of Wenzhi.
Tang Taizong claimed that "although the world is governed by martial arts, in the end, it should be used to susten the country with virtue" ("Old Tang Books Music Records").
During the Zhenguan period, he became the host of the palace poetry salon with the respect of the emperor.
The editor of "Quan Tang Poems" thinks that he is the person who created a generation of literary style, and commented that "the first Qin mansion was built, that is, the literature hall was opened, and eighteen Confucian scholars were called to be bachelors. After ascending the throne, the Hongwen Hall was placed on the left side of the hall, and the bachelors were all cited. Fansu is more rested. Between listening to the dynasty, it is time to discuss the classics, mixed with literary chants. . . Sharon has contributed a lot to the spread of Tang poetry in Chang'an.
Emperor Taizong, who was a generation of feudal dynasties, also set a precedent for the emperors who succeeded him. Later, many emperors published poems.
Compared with the Taizong Dynasty, the two dynasties after Gaozongwu paid more attention to literature and art.
The scale of the number of people and the atmosphere of the palace cultural salons far exceeded that of the Zhenguan period.
At that time, Shen Song and others often won the championship in this kind of poetry salon, and grew into first-class poets in the court atmosphere.
In the Zhongzong Dynasty, among the rulers and ministers, the banquets and poems were written almost to the point of madness.
During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong of Jinglong, according to research, from the second year to the fourth year of Jinglong, there were more than 70 large-scale poetry activities.
In the eyes of the king, courtiers are not only subordinates, but also poetry friends. These banquet activities provide the best platform for poetry dissemination and the maturity of modern poetry.
Xuanzong was an all-rounder in literature and art. In addition, during the Kaiyuan period, he was politically compatible with people, especially literati. Therefore, his reign was the golden age of Chang'an poetry.
Under Xuanzong's advocacy, large-scale poetry activities in which monarchs and ministers participated frequently appeared, and the dissemination of Tang poetry in Chang'an could also be a "prosperity for a while".
After the mid-Tang Dynasty, Emperor Daizong felt that the Anshi Rebellion had settled down, and began to consciously reuse civil servants.
Later, Emperor Dezong was also good at writing, and it is recorded in the history that "every year, scholars from all over the world who are academically and outspoken are recruited. The best ones are gathered in the Que, and they will be tested in person, and they will never ask for the way. At that time, the literature was high, and those on the road were salty to push the sages forward. Good intentions. The upper trial system is located in Xuande Hall, or the lower class, that is, the pen is written to the end. Those who call the decree must recite the sigh; .'The public and ministers are all satisfied with Shangjingjian" ("Tang Yulin: Appreciation"), the pride is beyond words, just like the leader of the poetry world.
The Biography of Tang Caizi contains:
During the reign of Emperor Dezong, there was a shortage of people in the system, and the two books in the middle were entered and removed in the same way, and the imperial brush did not point.
At that time, someone with the same name as Hong was the governor of Jianghuai, and the prime minister asked who to go with him, and he replied: "There are flying flowers everywhere in the Spring City, and Han Hong is also known."
This article is actually a good story of being an official because of poetry.
Han Hong's poem was "selected" by Dezong Jinkou Yuyan, supplemented by the dissemination of his skills, and his worth doubled.
Yuan Bai's poems were greatly appreciated by the emperor. When Yuan Zhen died, Bai Juyi wrote an epitaph for him, saying: "Gong Fan is a literary person, all of them are perfect, especially Gong's poetry. When he was in the Hanlin, Mu Zong wrote hundreds of poems before and after. , ordered to make satirical chants, and the palace was called 'Yuan Caizi'." When Bai Juyi died, Li Chen of Tang Xuanzong had just ascended the throne, and he wrote the poem "Dang Bai Juyi": "For sixty years of adorning jade and pearls, who taught Minglu to write poetry? Immortal. The floating cloud is not the name of Juyi, and the word for creation is inaction. The boy can sing the song of eternal regret, and Hu'er can sing the pipa. with fondness.
In particular, the couplet "The Boy Can Sing the Song of Everlasting Sorrow, and the Hu Er Can Sing the Pipa" shows that Bai Juyi's poetry has spread widely and has a great influence.
The Friendship of Scholars and the Spread of Tang Poems
Poetry is the most concise and quintessential literary style. In a sense, writing poetry is an expectation of reading.
The Tang Dynasty was the highlight of Chinese classical poetry. When the poets were writing, they often had an urgent desire to find bosom friends and had expectations for potential readers. Therefore, most literati in the Tang Dynasty had a strong communication awareness and motivation.
Song Zhiwen's "Sacrifice to Yang Yingchuan" declared: "Since ancient times, all people have died, and those who are immortal have written." Du Fu is also quite confident in the dissemination of his own poetry. On, the new obscene eulogy."
Bai Juyi edited his own poetry collection when he was in Jiangzhou, and some poems declared that "there should be no distinction between wealth and honor in the world, and the articles behind him are famous", all of which are full of expectations for the spread of the poem's name.
Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty had a population of one million and was the largest city in the Tang Empire.
For Tang poetry, Chang'an's social space gathers readers with high cultural quality. It is a dual stage for Tang Dynasty poets to seek fame and poetry, and it is also the most ideal space for poetry dissemination.
There are many Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, gardens, pavilions, and even streets and quarters in Chang'an. It is a public social space for literati activities.
With the cultural landscape as the center, it constitutes an elegant gathering space and a communication platform for poetry and wine singing.
As a special communication method, literati elegant collection belongs to point-to-point accurate communication, and the communication effect is very significant.
For example, Daci'en Temple was a scenic spot in the southeast of Chang'an City at that time, and it was a cultural space for scholars to gather together. At that time, in addition to writing poems on the pagoda, the temple also provided a "poetry board" for people to write poems and collect them.
In the imperial examination culture, "the inscription on the Wild Goose Pagoda" is the glory of the new scholars. Bai Juyi once wrote two poems "The inscription under the Ci'en Pagoda is the youngest among the seventeen people", which was written in the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan (800 AD). He was the youngest among the seventeen jinshi who passed the annual exam and felt extremely proud.
In fact, Bai Juyi was born in 772, when he was twenty-nine years old.
In the Tang Dynasty, there was a saying that "thirty old Mingjings, fifty young scholars".
Twenty-nine years old is still very young among the scholars of the Tang Dynasty.
Another example is a day in the 11th year of Tianbao (752) when the five poets Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Chu Guangxi, Xue Ju and Du Fu climbed the Big Wild Goose Pagoda at the same time. down poetry.
There are four poems that have been passed down to this day. Except for Xue Ju's poems that have been lost, the poems of the other four people have been passed down to this day.
When we compare these four poems, Du Fu's poem "Tong Zhu Gong Deng Ci'en Temple Pagoda" is the best.
Among them, the words "Qinshan suddenly shattered, Jingwei can't be sought. Looking down but looking down, how can you distinguish Huangzhou" through the experience and feelings of climbing the tower, euphemistically reflected the political crisis at that time under the cover of singing and dancing, expressing The poet's anxiety and emotion about the political current situation, the other three poems lack such depth of thought.
Therefore, although five people climbed the top of the tower at the same time to enjoy the scenery and write poems, although they stood on the same "geographical height", they did not stand on the same "psychological height". farther.
This time, the five poets wrote poems at the Ci'en Temple together, which is a representative case of the daily elegant collection of literati in Chang'an City.
Such elegant gatherings occur not only in public gardens, but also in palaces and halls.
In the spring of the first year of Emperor Suzong's reign (758), a four-person gathering was held, and this time Du Fu also participated.
Jia Zhi, Wang Wei, and Cen participated in Du Fu's appointment as officials in the same dynasty at the Daming Palace, and the four of them sang for each other.
These four scholar-bureaucrats of the dynasty were both colleagues and friends of poetry. At that time, Jia Zhiguan worshipped Zhongshusheren and was an important official position in Zhongshu Province. Highest.
Therefore, he first wrote a poem "The Early Dynasty of Daming Palace Presents Friends of the Two Provinces", which is the original song in the singing poem, and then Wang Wei, Cen Shen and Du Fu all wrote the poem, and the works of the four poets have been handed down to this day.
For more than a thousand years, ancient poetry critics have been keen to discuss the pros and cons of these four poems. For example, Hu Zhenheng's "Tang Yingui Sign" in the Ming Dynasty called it "Youcheng is good at field, Jiazhou is called Asia", Shi Buhua's "Xianmai". "Shuo Shi" believes that "Cen Shen is the first". Although the tastes of poetry critics and readers may be different and have their own preferences, there are many opinions that Wang Shi and Cen Shi are relatively better, and they can be said to be tied First, Jia Shi is third, and Du Shi is at the bottom.
As for the famous literary schools and literary groups in the literary history of the Tang Dynasty, their formation process is also inseparable from the social space of Chang'an.
The four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, the four friends of Wenwen, the four scholars of Wuzhong, the ten talents of Dali, the Yuanbai Poetry School, the Hanmeng Poetry School, the Xiantong Shizhe, etc., are mostly named after their singing in the Chang'an Yaji.
The literati in the Tang Dynasty became popular, and the seniors in the political and literary circles with lofty status were also willing to support the younger generation of literati, leaving a lot of good stories. This can also be regarded as a special form of literary collection and poetry dissemination.
In the late Tang Dynasty, Meng Qi's "Poems of Ability, Gao Yi" records: Li Bai first arrived in Chang'an and lived in a hotel.
He Zhizhang, a senior in the poetry circle, went to see him when he found out and asked Li Bai to show his poetry.
Li Bai took out the "Difficulty of Shu Dao" written by himself. After He Zhizhang read it, he repeatedly praised it and gave Li Bai the nickname "Exiled Immortal".
The so-called "exiled immortals" means that Li Bai's poems are extraordinary, but the gods from the sky descended to the mortal world.
So, He Zhizhang took off the golden tortoise he was wearing and exchanged it for wine, and returned home drunk with Li Bai.
Due to He Zhizhang's influence, it didn't take long for Li Bai to become a capitalist, and his works attracted "Changan Paper Expensive".
In order to be famous on the list, the disciples made friends with famous officials and nobles in many ways after entering Beijing, and contributed poems to them for appreciation, which was called Xingjuan.
According to Wang Dingbao of the Five Dynasties' "Tang Jiayan", when the great poet Bai Juyi went to Beijing to take the exam, he once went to the official to worship Gu Kuang, the literary predecessor of the author.
Gu Kuang is witty by nature and likes to make jokes. Since Bai Juyi's name was the first thing he saw when he opened the poem scroll, he joked with the young people: "Chang'an is expensive, but it's not easy to live in a big place." Chang'an was a super first-tier city in the Tang Dynasty. , the cost of living is very high, and it is not "easy" to "live".
However, when I opened the book of poems, I read two lines in "Farewell to the Ancient Grassland": "The wildfire can't be burnt out, but the spring breeze blows again." Gu Kuangji praised: "There is a sentence like this, it is difficult to live in the world! Ears." So he tried his best to support him, and Bai Juyi quickly became famous in Chang'an.
In fact, this material itself is very problematic. According to expert research, when Bai Juyi first entered Beijing, Gu Kuang had already been demoted to Raozhou, and he was active in Raozhou and Suzhou, but he was not in Chang'an at that time.
However, this story has been copied and copied from books such as "Youxian Advocate", "Tang Yanyan", "Quan Tang Poems" and "Tang Yulin", and the details have become richer and richer.
When the "good people" spread this story, they put the location in Chang'an, which also shows that in the eyes of the people at the time, Chang'an was the most suitable place for such literary anecdotes to happen, because Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty had a high-end readership of poetry, and also Has the most influential literary "public opinion leader".
According to the current point of view of journalism and communication, communicators have a so-called "proliferation effect" on the value of information.
In essence, information does not only depend on its own value. The social class of the disseminator greatly affects the strength of its dissemination.
In the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an City gathered high social communicators, which had a huge proliferation effect on the dissemination of Tang poetry.
The Music Transmission of Tang Poems in Chang'an
Many chapters in Tang poetry are so-called vocal poetry, which can be sung in harmony with music.
The space for vocal poetry to be sung ranges from the imperial court to the scholar-official class, and then to the market entertainers, covering both the official and the private sector, and the dissemination is extremely extensive.
In a metropolis with a population of one million such as Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty, singing poetry by entertaining guests was an important way to spread Tang poetry, and word of mouth was an important way for the common people to spread poetry.
In a specific densely populated area, oral communication is a more efficient way. Through performances such as singing and dancing, poetry can be added with the wings of music, and it can spread from the study to the market for a long time in densely populated social spaces.
Compared with written communication, music spreads faster and more widely.
In the era of manuscripts, written communication may be point-to-point communication, while oral communication can achieve more than one transmission in public, so the effect is particularly obvious.
According to Xin Yuanfang's "Tang Caizi Biography", Kang Qia's "poems of Gong Yuefu and the palace maid's pear garden are all written in the rhythm. Xuanzong is also well-known, and he tastes the beauty", Wang Zhihuan "every time there is a work, the musicians often take it to be heard. Li Yi "Merry has words, congratulates Xiangqi with sectarians, every piece is written, musicians bribe for it, be in Yale, worship the emperor", which is an example of the spread of Tang poetry and music in Chang'an.
In addition to living in Chang'an for a long time, Wang Wei's poetic style reflects the taste of Beijing poetry, and his poems are sung in the form of movements in the palace of the prince, which should be an important reason.
"Old Tang Book: Wang Wei's Biography" contains: "During the reign of Emperor Zong, Jin was the prime minister. Emperor Zong was fond of writing, and he often said to Jin: 'Qing's Bo's family, Tianbao's poems are named Guandai, and I have tasted and heard its music on the thrones. How many are there today? Anthology? You can come in.'" It can be seen that Daizong first heard about Wang Wei's crowning poems.
Wang Wei's masterpiece "Send the Yuan Second Ambassador to Anxi" was originally a farewell poem. , This song is sung by everyone in Chang'an for farewell, and it is not lost.
It became more popular in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi often listened to this song, saying, "When you meet, don't say no to drunkenness, listen to and sing the fourth tone of Yangguan." Qing, which has been sung to this day, can be said to be a veritable "singer of the ages".
Mr. Ren Bantang's "Tang Sheng Poems" said: "In Tang Dynasty, Gai Sheng poetry was not only expressed in spontaneous street songs, sighs at the border, wine orders at banquets, and elegy before the coffin, but also not limited to court ceremonies or the life of scholars and officials. In China, music and dance have been produced and appreciated; it is still the artisans in the market, who use their wisdom and experience, and constantly work and create, and evolve many new styles, which are fully popular among the people, so as to benefit the prosperity of this industry.” It can be seen that the space for vocal poetry to be sung, from the court to the scholar-official class, and then to the market entertainers, covers both the official and the folk, and the communication level is extremely wide.
Since Emperor Gaozu’s time of Wude, the palace has been set up with teaching workshops. Xuanzong has set up left and right teaching workshops in the third year of Kaiyuan, and Liyuan has been restored in Tianbao. These official music and dance institutions of the court also sang poetry and played an important role in the music dissemination of Tang poetry.
"Qingting Painting Wall" is to tell the story of Liyuan singing.
According to the second volume of "Ji Yi Ji" by Xue Yongruo of the Tang Dynasty, when the winter was cold and snowy in the Kaiyuan year, the poets Wang Changling, Gao Shi, and Wang Zhihuan went to the restaurant for a drink, and suddenly met the singer and music of the Liyuan Garden to sing poetry.
The three of them avoided the table to watch, secretly agreed on the number of paintings on the wall, and the singer who sang the most poems was the winner.
The singer first sang Wang Changling's "Furong Tower Sending Xin Jian" and Gao Shi's "Crying Single Father Liang Jiu Shaofu", and then sang Wang Changling's "Five Poems of Changxin Autumn Poems" (Part 3), but did not sing Wang Zhihuan's poems.
Wang Zhihuan said that these singers are all "down-to-earth music officials", and they all sing the words of "Xia Liba people".
Pointing to the singer with the best tolerance, he said that he must sing his own poem, and then he really sang his "Liangzhou Ci", and the three of them laughed.
When the singer-songwriter learned the reason, he invited the three poets to sit down, and they were served with delicious food and wine, and the three returned home drunk.
Of course, this poetic anecdote itself has been falsified after research by scholars, because although the three poets have come to Chang'an one after another, they did not meet at the same time.
However, the fake materials contain real information, which reflects that the works of the three poets were sung for a while, and Tang poetry was also popular in Chang'an through music.
In terms of the way of dissemination, the dissemination of Tang poetry in Chang'an mainly depended on the communication of poetry among scribes and the singing of musicians and singers. This kind of communication and singing of poetry involved all social classes in Chang'an.
Of course, in addition to music dissemination, title wall dissemination is also a popular way of publishing Tang poems.
In Chang'an City, above the halls, in the temples, and in the gates of the houses, are all important spaces for the poem's title wall. The situation is more complicated, and we won't talk about it today.
Literary activity itself includes elements of creation, dissemination, evaluation, and acceptance. As an active factor, dissemination permeates the entire process of literary activity. Therefore, in a sense, the history of poetry in Chang’an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, can actually be seen. A history of the dissemination of poetry.
(Wei Jingbo)