失落的金村:一段跨越百年的考古故事

  本报记者桂娟、袁月明

  《吕氏春秋》有云:“周鼎有窃曲,状甚长,上下皆曲,以见极之败也。”

  在洛阳博物馆第一展厅,就有这样一件窃曲纹铜鼎。与一众造型繁复、纹饰华丽的青铜器相比,它看起来也许不够“亮眼”,表面仅有少许线条点缀,一鼎腿上方还有裂痕。

  “东周王室衰微,国库不丰,导致鼎壁造得太薄,这才出现裂纹。”每每讲起个中缘由,讲解员言语间难掩唏嘘。

  但硕大的器型,仍无声昭示出几分独属于王者的赫赫威仪。

  这件窃曲纹铜鼎又被称作“金村大鼎”,来历不凡。它是目前为止国内仅存的三件确认出土于洛阳金村大墓的文物之一。

  提起金村,你可能并不熟悉。它位于河南省洛阳市孟津区平乐镇,乍看之下不过是中原大地上一个稀松平常的村子。因距离白马寺不远,偶尔有游客途经,或许会匆匆瞥上一眼。

  可对于中国考古界而言,“金村”这两个字却意味着一段充斥着悲愤与伤恸的记忆。

  “一组在地下深埋千年的东周王陵,在一段兵荒马乱的动荡岁月里,不幸遇上一群野心勃勃的外国文物盗贼,由此引发一场空前的‘文物浩劫’。”日前启动的金村东周王陵考古调查与勘测工作牵头人、洛阳市文物考古研究院院长赵晓军感叹,“足以让每一个中国人夜不能寐、扼腕叹息……”

金村有“金”,暴雨冲出东周天子大墓

  要说金村名字的由来,上了年纪的村民通常会讲出两个“非官方版本”。

  有人说,很久之前有一段时间,村子里但凡翻耕土地或者拆屋盖房,就能时不时挖出金元宝、金罐子、金酒杯之类的物件儿。“村里有‘金’!”这说法一传十、十传百,“金村”的名字便渐渐叫开。

  还有人说,这村子是“金銮殿上的村子”,北依邙山、南临洛河、地势平坦、沃野千里,历史上一直是群雄逐鹿的地界。传说村子下面有条“龙脉”,每到雷雨交加的天气,地底下就会传出一阵又一阵的隆隆声,似金石相击,铿锵作响,“这是‘龙脉’在跳动哩!”

  村里还有个古怪的“串井”现象。从地理地貌上看,金村地下水位并不低,打井本该是件很容易的事。可村里长期以来只有3眼老井能稳定供水。若是打上几口新井,有的明明头一天还水源充足,第二天却一下子滴水不剩;而有的原本无水,却能一夜之间被灌满,甚至溢出井口。村民们百思不得其解。

  一直到1928年,金村地底下隐藏已久的“秘密”,才被一场暴雨冲开。

  夏秋之交,金村遭遇连续数日的滂沱大雨。许是禁不住雨水冲刷,村东头的农田突然下陷,“轰”一声,塌出一个巨大的坑洞。

  “这是老天爷降下的‘天坑’!”村民们先是惊恐万分,笃信这是预示着厄运和灾难的异象。

  也有胆子大的禁不住好奇,便结伙进洞探一探。这一探不要紧,眼前的景象惊呆了所有人:淤泥里竟然有状似编钟的东西。

  众所周知,“北邙山头少闲土,尽是洛阳人旧墓”。当地人很快意识到,这被暴雨冲出的“天坑”,其实是一座古墓的入口。从洞口规模估测,墓葬本体肯定不会小。

  有村民立刻请来懂行的人“掌掌眼”,认真查看后判断应是“天子墓”,并且断言:“这墓,怕是连成了片啊!”

  长期令金村人感到无比神秘的“龙脉”“串井”,这下也有了科学合理的解释。

  由于金村一带古墓集中,影响了地下水的分布,而墓道规模庞大,交错纵横,形成了相互连通的水道,所以才会出现井水时有时无的现象。到了雷雨天,水流湍急时,会冲击墓葬里编钟等大量青铜器,使其相互碰撞,万器合奏,同时与雷声形成共振,雄浑悠远,声似巨龙腾挪。

  但比起这些,更能吸引金村人注意力的,显然是行家口中那“天子墓”三字。

  “天子?那不就是皇帝!嘿,这墓里肯定有不少值钱的东西!”一时间,村民们奔走相告:快去看呀,咱村底下埋了皇帝,陪葬遍地青铜器,随便一件就能换回一头毛驴!

  不知谁起的头,老百姓们便开始你一锹、我一铲,争先恐后地在“天坑”里“挖宝”,哄抢墓中文物。很快,原本平整的庄稼地被挖得面目全非。

  Perhaps it just reflected the villagers' fear of future doom when they first saw the "Tiankeng". They must not have thought that this big pit that was accidentally rushed out by the rainstorm was like a "Pandora's Box", opening a difficult and difficult time in the history of archaeology in my country. A nightmare of words.

It was robbed and excavated, and the national treasure was scattered, becoming a grief of Chinese archaeology

  "Mandarin·Zhou Yu" Wei Zhao noted: "Di (Zhai) Spring, the city of Zhou, where Zhou's tomb is located." "Shui Jing Zhu" also records: "Zhai Spring is in the northeast of Luoyang, the cemetery of Zhou."

  In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved eastward and established his capital in Luoyang, known as "Eastern Zhou" in history. His 25 generations of kings were all buried near Luoyang, divided into three mausoleum areas: Zhoushan, Wangcheng and Jincun.

  In 1928, the "Tomb of the Emperor" rushed out by the torrential rain is the tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty!

  But the treasure is now in troubled times, and it is destined to have a bad fate.

  When the Jincun Tomb appeared, it was at the beginning of the 20th century when the situation was turbulent and the current situation was turbulent. The country had been poor and weak for a long time. Excavation and even academic research work.

  What's more, illegal tomb robbery and smuggling and reselling of cultural relics were rampant in the surrounding areas of Luoyang at that time, and even became public.

In the eyes of ordinary people, it is just a "little business" for living.

  Through the hands of cultural relic dealers, batches of exquisite cultural relics of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began to flow from Jincun to antique markets all over the country.

  At this time, tomb robbers, antique profiteers, and cultural relic brokers from Shili Baxiang swarmed like vultures when they smelled carrion, trying to gain the upper hand, for fear that they would gain little benefit.

  And those Western powers and their agents who have been looting and stealing a large number of cultural relics and works of art in China since the end of the 19th century are even more coveted by Jincun cultural relics.

  They either directly came forward, or indirectly commanded, or coerced and lured the local villagers, or ganged up with more professional tomb robbers.

  Among them, the "leaders" are the Canadians.

  In 1910, Huai Luguang came to Kaifeng, Henan Province as a "missionary". In addition to preaching, he also built churches, opened schools, opened hospitals, and occasionally carried out some social relief work.

  But this foreign face, who looks honest, reliable and helpful on weekdays, has a hobby of collecting various Chinese cultural relics in private.

As a result, since 1925, Huai Luguang has a new identity - the agent of the acquisition of cultural relics in the Chinese region of the Royal Ontario Museum of Canada.

  It was through his hands that a considerable number of Jincun cultural relics were eventually transported to Canada, and it is difficult to find them again.

  从1928年到1932年,原本平静的金村,遭到旷日持久的疯狂盗掘。

  除了最先被暴雨冲出的大墓,另有7座东周天子墓及3座车马坑被相继发现,并被洗劫一空。数以千计的金银器、青铜器、玉器等珍贵文物被运出金村,并且几乎全部流失到海外。

  这是近代以来我国被盗掘规模最大、文物等级最高、文物数量最多的一次。

  据不完全统计,目前在加拿大、日本、美国等十多个国家的数十个城市,都发现了疑似金村文物。

  “金村东周王陵出土的文物代表着东周时期最高等级的审美和工艺,数量之多、纹饰之华美、形制之独特,堪称绝无仅有,不仅具有极高的观赏价值,同时还承载着丰富的考古学信息。”洛阳市文物考古研究院汉魏研究室主任严辉说。

  出土的文物和遗存,是研究相应历史时期政治、经济、文化、社会面貌乃至科技水平的重要实证材料。

  由于大批金村文物流失并且8座东周王陵被盗掘者严重破坏,在很长一段时间内,我国考古学界在东周时期的都城研究、陵寝制度研究等诸多领域都存在缺环,至今难以系统完善。

  “可以说,损失之惨重,不亚于敦煌莫高窟文物流失事件。”赵晓军说,“这不仅是考古之痛,更是文化之殇。”

  “金村”这两个字,由此成为无数中国考古学者心中“不能承受之重”。

  讽刺的是,怀履光却在1934年回到加拿大后,摇身一变,成为皇家安大略博物馆远东部主任,并兼任多伦多大学中国研究学系主任。

  一直到今天,仍有人痛心疾首于那场“不识眼色”的天降暴雨:“哪怕再晚个20年,咱们都能把金村大墓的文物保护好!”

盼归来兮,几番寻找奈何认定无据

  金村文物究竟有多惊艳?

  现在的我们只能从加拿大人怀履光所著《洛阳故城古墓考》及日本人梅原末治所编《洛阳金村古墓聚英》这两本书中收录的资料照片,一窥其绝代风华。

  据中国文物学会统计,从1840年鸦片战争以来,因战争、劫掠、不正当贸易等原因,有超过1000万件中国文物流失海外,其中国家一、二级文物达100余万件。

  联合国教科文组织的统计数字同样触目惊心:在40余个国家的200多家博物馆中,有中国文物160余万件,而民间收藏的中国文物数量更多,约为馆藏数量的10倍。

  金村的遭遇,不过是我国近代众多文物非法流失事件中,最令人痛心的那帧缩影。

  “金村文物如今究竟藏身何处?发现疑似金村文物后,如何确认其身份?这是首先需要厘清的关键问题。”上海大学文化遗产与信息管理学院副院长徐坚告诉记者,当年,洛阳金村因盗掘而名噪一时,以至于一些并非出自金村的器物甚至仿制品,也会被文物贩子贴上“金村”标签,以期卖出更高的价格。“换句话说,仅从风格上判断,目前海外各博物馆的‘金村收藏’是一个杂拼,需要反复推敲、多重论证,才能识别出真正的东周天子宝藏。”

  徐坚与金村的“初见”,要追溯到20多年前。

  一次,还在读研究生的徐坚看到美国弗利尔美术馆收藏的战国玉舞人佩饰,“惊叹于这件传说出自金村的玉器的精美程度,代表了令人膜拜的艺术成就。”

  一晃来到2008年春天,在法国巴黎进行中国文物收藏调查的徐坚,有机会近距离观摩了一部分金村相关藏品、档案及拍卖图录等,由此开始他对海外收藏金村遗物的系统整理与研究。

  “先从全面收集疑似为金村遗物的器物开始,再到思考和确认究竟什么是‘金村’。”徐坚说。

  “寻找金村”的过程中,最让徐坚印象深刻的经历,发生在2018年初。

  “在一次针对加拿大皇家安大略博物馆的短暂访问中,由于馆方的特别关照,我获得了罕见的可以独自、自由出入库房的特权,连续一周近距离观察和记录那些精美的金村器物。”徐坚回忆道,相隔近百年,跨越千万里,“一边翻看怀履光《洛阳故城古墓考》,一边按图索‘物’,仿佛能感受到两千多年前看着同一件物品的人们的呼吸和心跳。”

  几年来,徐坚及设在上海大学的中国海外文物研究中心团队寻访了美国、加拿大、法国、日本等地的多座博物馆,也锁定了一批疑似金村文物,“但苦于国内的相关田野考古材料着实匮乏,对金村文物身份的甄别认定缺乏考古学意义上的标准,依据不足。”徐坚说。

  In the dark, the opportunity has come.

Xu Jian and his team, who were distressed by the lack of the "Golden Village Standard", met the team of the Luoyang Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute who had been paying attention to the Jincun Eastern Zhou Dynasty King's Tomb and its unearthed cultural relics all the year round.

The two hit it off and began to conduct more in-depth and comprehensive cooperation around Jincun.

  "Through a return visit to Jincun, we found unrecognized Jincun cultural relics, and at the same time eliminated non-jincun cultural relics." Xu Jian said, "On the basis of screening, we also used three-dimensional scanning and other technical means to identify Jincun artifacts. It is planned to build the world's first comprehensive database of Jincun artifacts."

  "These detailed image data will be used for public display and restoration research of Jincun in Luoyang in the future. In a sense, the 'digital return' of Jincun cultural relics will be realized." Zhao Xiaojun said.

  "This is also to take back the right to speak in the study of Jincun in the international archaeological community, and realize the 'academic return' of Jincun in Luoyang." Xu Jian said.

With great accumulation, Jincun Archaeological Launch looks forward to more surprises

  The story begins with an archaeological survey map hidden for half a century.

  In the early 1930s, the tomb of Jincun was completely hollowed out, and the robbers who came whistling roared away again, leaving chicken feathers on the ground.

  With the passage of time, the sensational tomb of Emperor Jincun was also covered with regrown crops and disappeared.

  In 1962, when the Luoyang Han Weicheng team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (relocated to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1977) carried out archaeological excavations in Henan, they drilled out a large tomb with a length of 19 meters, a width of 14 meters and a depth of 12 meters. Up to 60 meters, there are large and small tombs, chariot and horse pits and so on.

  While shocked, the archaeologists also boldly guessed: "Could this be the legendary Tomb of the Emperor of the East Zhou Dynasty in Jincun?"

  According to literature records, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was actually "one capital and two cities", which were divided into "King City" and "Chengzhou City".

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the capital city was the King City. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the "Prince Dynasty Rebellion" that competed for the throne broke out. In order to avoid the chaos, King Jing of Zhou "moved out of Diquan" and built a new capital near Diquan called Zhoucheng.

  More importantly, Chengzhou City in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was inherited by later Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei and other dynasties, that is, the ancient city of Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties.

  Even if it is only judged from the positional relationship, the location of the large tomb may be the tomb area of ​​the Eastern Zhou Dynasty recorded in the literature.

  In order to know more, the archaeologists decided to conduct a drilling survey of the entire surrounding area.

  “其实当时就已经形成了一张详细的钻探图,但考虑到保护墓葬及文物安全,防止再次发生盗扰,那张图就成了我们所有人‘不能说的秘密’。一直到今天,钻探资料仍未公开发表。”中国社科院考古研究所副研究员、洛阳汉魏城队队长刘涛说。

  许是文物流失的记忆太过惨痛,面对金村,一众考古工作者们只是远观,默默守护,不忍打扰。

  “但由于缺乏田野考古工作,我们对于金村东周王陵确实缺乏足够的认识,这也在客观上严重制约了相关考古学研究及文物保护工作的推进。”严辉说。

  又几十年过去,到了2007年,为了解金村东周王陵区文化遗存的整体面貌,洛阳市文物钻探管理办公室启动了一次小规模考古调查勘探。

  “但由于种种原因限制,围绕金村大墓进行深入、全面的田野调查和发掘工作的时机仍未成熟,因此我们也一直没有开展工作。”赵晓军说。

  经过多年的酝酿与周密的准备,2022年1月下旬,洛阳金村东周王陵项目再次启动。

  时隔90余年,考古工作者们终于可以通过科学精密的考古手段,厘清洛阳金村东周王陵区文化遗存基本情况,从而重新认识失落的金村。

  据了解,此次洛阳金村东周王陵考古调查与勘测工作由洛阳市文物考古研究院、中国社会科学院考古研究所洛阳汉魏城队、上海大学、洛阳市汉魏故城遗址管理处、洛阳市文物勘探中心等多个单位合作进行,初步计划分考古调查与勘探、考古试掘、考古学研究及保护规划的制定三阶段进行,共历时5年完成。

  “原则上以精细的勘探结合现代物探技术替代考古发掘,以全面了解金村王陵、陵园、附属墓葬、车马坑等为重点,但不涉及对东周陵寝的发掘。”严辉说。

  这样一来,我国古代陵墓转型和传承来源、东周成周城结构布局以及都城性质等重大问题的研究,都有望取得突破性进展。

  “春秋战国时期是我国历史上一次重要的社会制度转型期,也是我国古代陵墓制度转型的关键时期。”赵晓军表示,迄今为止,虽然国内已发现多处东周诸侯墓,但最高等级的东周天子墓却一直没有完整发现,“本次工作将有助于弥补上述缺环。”

  与此同时,徐坚及其团队期盼已久的“金村标准”,也将有田野考古的实证材料可循。

  “通过开展金村考古,可以帮助确定金村出土文物的标尺,这也是了解金村文物保护状况、避免相关遗存再次被盗的实际措施。”赵晓军说。

  历史已成过往,但回望金村,往事并不如烟。每每忆起,那回响仍旧掷地有声。

  关于未来,考古工作者们不会止步于田野工作,他们想完成的“使命”还有更多:金村考古数字化平台及信息库的建立、金村东周王陵遗址的保护展示与开发利用等等,相关工作都已提上日程。

  临近春节,纷扬的雪花落满金村。

  站在田埂上,眼前尽是被雪覆盖的平静的麦田,“金村将带来多少惊喜?田野知道答案。”赵晓军说着,眼神明亮。