[The reader says]

　　The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of poetry. Not only "all people are poetry", poetry is also versatile. You can write anything, and you can't live without poetry on any important occasion.

According to statistics, there are more than 600 anthologies of Tang poetry, and current anthologies are not included.

However, the difference between choosing the original cloud and mud, the difference between superior and inferior is very big.

Not long ago, Professor Jiang Fan of Fudan University gave him a punctuation "Annotation to the Collection of Poems of Yuxi Sheng", which was printed and reprinted by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.

Feng Hao’s "Annotation to the Collection of Poems of Yuxi Sheng" can be regarded as a landmark version of the study of Li Shangyin in the Ming and Qing dynasties. This too.

"Chrysanthemum" poem written by chrysanthemum

　　Looking through Feng's edition, Li Shangyin wrote many flower chanting poems, and the chrysanthemum poems seemed to be two poems "Chrysanthemum" and "Wild chrysanthemum" (not including the image of chrysanthemum in the poem).

Er Ju's poem was written in the two stages of the poet's life, but its intention seems to be that the poet writes himself with a chrysanthemum, complaining about the heavens and others, and expressing the depression and helplessness of eager to get rid of the embarrassment and helplessness.

First look at the poem "Chrysanthemum":

　　Dim and pale purple, melting and yellowing.

Tao Ling's edge color, Luo Han's house fragrance.

It is really timid to ban re-exposure for a while.

May the pan-golden parrot, rise to the monarch Bai Yutang.

　　Feng Hao's "Annotation to the Collection of Poems of Yuxi Sheng" gathered the public and pointed out: "March and 4 are dismissed from office and live in the court." Seeing this, it is very easy to enter the woods.

Those who don’t know how to read poetry tend to focus on the wonderful sentences in the poem.

The first two lines of the poem "Chrysanthemum" are also very catchy, with ten words and four pairs of repetitions, and it is full of charm and beauty of chrysanthemum that is not more than shy.

The poet Bi Xing wrote by himself, with an extraordinary beauty.

　　In the poem "Tao Ling's edge color, Luo Han's house fragrance" writes the character of chrysanthemum, which is also self-written.

Anyone with a little experience in reading poetry knows that these two classics all imply retreat.

Since the chrysanthemum was favored by Tao Qian, it has become the "hermit of flowers".

Luo Han and Tao Qian, at about the same time, also loved chrysanthemums.

"Jin Shu Wen Yuan Zhuan" said: "Luo Han returned to his official position, and the terraced gardens were blooming with orchids and chrysanthemums, thinking that it was a sense of virtue." Li Shangyin retired to the wild state. His "Annotation to the Collection of Poems of Yuxi Sheng" added at five or six sentences and said: "No one is moisturizing, deep sorrow and twilight." Li Shangyin wrote the hidden pattern of chrysanthemum, but he didn't want to hide, more so. I am afraid of hidden worries.

　　The last four sentences are reversed, and the two sentences "when" means: chrysanthemums that bloom in autumn have never been afraid of the cold and frost, but the most feared is the setting sun.

It means that I am not afraid of being beaten up in the courtroom, but I have the fear of being at home while the beauty is late.

If the neck couplet writes the feeling of twilight, then the tail couplet writes the heart of things. The two sentences "wish to pan" mean that only hope is made into chrysanthemum wine and held in a parrot cup and sent to Baiyutang. What you use.

Being idle or stagnant, this is the reality that Li Shangyin can't accept most, so he is eager to be appreciated and quoted by the "jun".

Ye Congqi’s "Li Shangyin Poetry Annotations" bluntly stated: "The last two sentences are hoping to enter the dynasty as a literary servant." Mr. Ye believes that this is the same as Li Shangyin's "Ba Jiangliu" written in the sixth year of Dazhong (852). It’s the same as the meaning of "Moving Yin into the beautiful window" in the Jinluan Temple.

In other words, Li Shangyin's expression of "moving" is not accidental.

The writing of the poem "Chrysanthemum", which is eager for help, is a broad category of poems, just who it is, there is no explicit statement in the poem, nor the commentator.

"Wild Chrysanthemum" Poem Comparing with Chrysanthemum

　　The commentators of Li Shangyin’s "Wild Ju" clearly believed that it was written to Linghuhuo.

In general chronicles, it is believed that the poem "Chrysanthemum" was written in the fifth year of Kaicheng (840), and at the twenty-eighth year, Li Shangyin resigned and returned home from Hong Nongwei; "Ye Ju" was written in the third year of Dazhong (849), and the year was thirty-seven. , Li Shangyin temporarily joined the army on behalf of a certain Cao in the Jingzhao Mansion after returning to Beijing from Gui Mu.

The poet compares himself with chrysanthemums and expresses the word "wild" by chanting chrysanthemums. It is sincerely called "the sigh of a gentleman in the wild" (Zhu Heling's "Revisited Li Yishan's Poetry Collection Annotation").

The poem of "Wild Chrysanthemum":

　　By the side of Nanjiao Dock in the Bitter Bamboo Garden, the fragrance is faintly scented and tears trickle down.

The sad thing is the same as the cold geese, and the patience is in love with the twilight cicada.

Xilu came alone on this eve, and Qing Zun accompanied him to save his years.

The place where the flowers are moved in Ziyun Xinyuan, do not take the frost and plant them near the banquet.

　　The poem is divided into two parts, the upper four sentences, the sentence is about wild chrysanthemum, and the "wild" of chrysanthemum is written.

The wild chrysanthemum is accompanied by bitter bamboo and pungent pepper. It is rooted in a harsh environment, with a dim fragrance and dew like tears.

It's already the time when the west wind goes to the geese. Although he is not willing to abandon his talents and gather the fragrance, but after all, the chill is silenced, and it seems that it can only last for a long time.

I write chrysanthemum every sentence, and every sentence is self-written. I write every sentence about my hardship and reality, and I am happy with my life.

Therefore, Lu Kun of the Qing Dynasty once commented on "Li Yishan's Poetry Explanation": "Yishan is talented but never met. I concentrated on the works of the old man. The "Wild Ju" is the most painful." Qian Muzhai's "Tang Poetry Commentary" commented: "This is more than the sage's deserted grassland, and it is not allowed to use it."

　　The last four sentences of the poem rewrite his eagerness and helplessness to get rid of the predicament.

The four sentences are written in comparison. The first two sentences recall "his year", recalling that Linghu Chu has cared for himself; the last two sentences write straight to the present, you Linghuo Qingyun moved to a high position, but you could not move me to Hua Ting.

Zhang Caitian’s comment on Li Yishan’s Poems: “Although the concluding sentence contains the word'wild' on the front, it does not have a meaning, so it is not obvious that it is simple and straightforward, which is different from empty and idle talk."

　　Feng Hao’s note has indicated that "Wild Ju" "has the same purpose as the "Nine Days"."

Ye Congqi's "Li Shangyin Poetry Annotations" also said: "This poem ("Wild Ju") should be compared with the collection of "Nine Days" poem, so that it is easier to understand the whole story." He took "Wild Ju" and "Nine Days". By comparison, it is said that the words of "Nine Days" and the romance of "Yeju".

Judging from the meaning expressed in the poem "Nine Days", it is relatively close to "Wild Ju".

Although "Nine Days" is not a poetry of objects, it also chants chrysanthemum. It was written by chrysanthemum in Chongyang Festival, comparing Linghuzhu and his son.

Orientia chrysanthemum

　　Chrysanthemum, with its virtues of being resistant to severe cold and being proud of heavy frost, has always been regarded as a symbol of high standards, elegance, elegance and arrogance.

Tao Yuanming's poem "The Book of the Master of He Guo" says: "Fragrant chrysanthemum blooms in the forest, green pine crowns and columns. With this virginity and grace, outstanding is the best under the frost." The chrysanthemum is unyielding and the hero under the frost.

However, in Li Shangyin's writing, Ju was alienated, very aggrieved and suspected of flattering.

"Wild Chrysanthemum" and "Chrysanthemum", although the two poems are not written at the same time, they are similar in writing. They are both a way of "pawns show their ambitions". The common theme is the hope to change the status quo of "in the wild", and both are longing for transplantation." "Imperial feast" and won the appreciation of the princes and ministers.

The two poems are also sentimental from the chrysanthemum, empathizing with the chrysanthemum, implanting personal emotional experience in the chrysanthemum, and using metaphorical and intuitive descriptions of the current situation, resulting in the beauty of the unity of the object and the self. They are both unwilling to sink into the sadness. , Are the psychological state of "both complaining, but not hopeless", and ultimately they all rely on quotations.

Li Shangyin’s two chrysanthemum poems belong to the dry poems. There is more arrogance, more resentment, more chill, but less anger, less arrogant spine, less defensiveness. Solar terms.

Some anthologies and commentaries are too beautiful, or they blindly try to be perfect for the sake of the venerable. They are not as objective and classic as Feng Hao’s "An Annotation of Yuxisheng Poetry Collection". Therefore, the selection of poems is also very good. It's important.

　　Bai Juyi, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, said in his "Chrysanthemum": "The new frost will lighten the tiles overnight, and the bananas will lose the lotus. The only cold resistance is the oriental chrysanthemum, and the golden millet blooms and clears the dawn." Obviously, this is a matter of ambition, not dryness. The way of writing ye poems, writing my own self-adjusting way of being in the world, showing an attitude of life that is not surprised at every change.

After experiencing the ups and downs of life, he was happily known for his fate, peace and quiet, his life concept of contentment and peace, his choice of aspirations to be quiet and suitable for the world, and his philosophical thoughts of harmony and light have enlightened the later scholars a lot.

Wang Wei seems to have no special poems about chrysanthemum, but there is no lack of chrysanthemum imagery in his poems.

Yan Wu and a few young officials came to visit Wang Wei. Wang Wei's "I have seen Yan Shaoyin and the public in late spring" stated: "There are five carts of books and three paths to the pine and chrysanthemum. Pengkui invites guests to visit the poor family. The magpie’s milk first springs the grass, the warbler screams over the fallen flowers. Self-pity the yellow hair and twilight, double the time to cherish the years.” The poem wrote about its quiet home environment and clean and simple daily life. The first couplet uses Tao Dian: “Three paths are barren, pine and chrysanthemums It still exists." In fact, this writing method is also a kind of lyrical expression, and it is a kind of self-willed attitude and interest in life.

Wang Wei not only solved the official dilemma, but also eliminated the boundary between life and art. Life is poetry, poetry is life, and the pursuit of poetry is the highest state of life.

(Author: Wang Zhiqing, Professor of the Faculty of Arts, Nantong University)