Explore the largest bronze museum in China
Recently, the "Official Weibo of the Baoji Bronze Museum" opened in 8 years, with only over 10,000 fans, which aroused the attention of netizens.
Some netizens said that they did not expect such a large treasure house to be hidden in Baoji.
So, what is the origin of the Baoji Bronze Museum, the largest bronze museum in China, and what stunning national treasures are hidden?
Chengdu Commercial Daily-Red Star News reporter interviewed relevant experts from Baoji Bronze Museum.
Wang Hong, an associate researcher of the Baoji Bronze Museum, introduced that the bronzes unearthed in Baoji are known for their rich inscriptions. From wall plates, plate plates, tripods, etc., themes include politics, military, economics, law and other aspects of Western Zhou history, which are for posterity. Left invaluable archaeological data.
Located in the cemetery site of the country "Gongyu (pronounced as'fish')" in the southern suburbs of Baoji, a large number of sharp-bottomed pots with traces of the Bashu culture were found, as well as several small bronze figures. The portraits are not tall and the hands are large and exaggerated. , In a ring shape, like a witch and coquettish holding a stick.
It can be seen that after this ethnic group moved from Shu to the Loess Plateau, it still preserved the customs of its ancestors in the tomb culture.
The Baoji Bronze Museum is located in the China Stone Drum Park in Baoji City.
The Chencang Stone Drum, which was hailed by Kang You as the "First Antiquities of China", was first discovered in Baoji, in the early years of the Tang Dynasty.
The ancient characters on the ten-faced stone drum were originally carved in the Warring States period. They described the hunting activities of the kings of the Qin Kingdom in the form of four-character ancient poems. It was the earliest stone inscription in my country and was called the "ancestor" of Chinese characters by later generations.
Compared with the "one and only" stone drum, the bronzes unearthed in Baoji form a huge and majestic system, from the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze corpse Chending unearthed in the fourth year of Emperor Xuan Emperor of the Han Dynasty (58 BC) to Four national treasures, Maogongding, Dayuding, Sanshipan, and Guojizi Baipan unearthed in the late Qing Dynasty, tens of thousands of bronze wares were unearthed in 2000.
From the stone drums that were originally exposed on the ground to the bronzes hidden deep in the cellars for many years, these historical treasures outline the microcosm of Zhou and Qin culture and the ancient dynasty, and make the chain of Chinese civilization history more clear and complete.
A very important part of these treasures are collected in the Baoji Bronze Museum.
It is also the only museum in China named after a bronze ware.
He Zun
The word "China"
The earliest written record
He Zun is the treasure of the town hall of the Baoji Bronze Museum and one of the first important cultural relics forbidden to go abroad for exhibition in China.
Its biggest "highlight" is the phrase "Zhai Zi China" in the inscription on the bottom of the respect, which is the earliest written record of the word "China".
This bronze ware was unearthed in 1963. There is an inscription with 12 lines and 122 characters on the inner bottom of the statue.
It was made by the king of Zhou Cheng for the noble "He" in the five years, and it was also the first bronze ware to be dated in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
He Zuntong is 38.5 cm high and weighs 14.6 kg.
The whole body of the statue is decorated with four openly carved head ribs, the upper abdomen is decorated with banana leaf patterns and snake patterns, the abdomen and ring feet are decorated with gluttonous patterns, gluttonous giant eyes and claws, and thick curled corners on the surface; the decoration adopts high relief The expressive technique combined with the ground pattern is complex and gorgeous.
Among the inscriptions in the statue, the phrase "Zhai Zi China, Zi Zi Yi People" is the most famous.
This inscription records an important historical event that King Zhou Cheng built Luoyi and built Luoyi as a capital. However, the word "China" in "Zhaizi China" is not what it means today. At that time, the ancients meant "I want to live in the center of the world." "Region" is a description of the location.
Wang Hong told the Chengdu Commercial Daily-Red Star News reporter that He Zun’s inscriptions are of extremely high historical value. In addition to the first appearance of the word "China" in the inscriptions, the inscription records also confirmed that Zhou Cheng Wangying built Zhou Luoyi into a major historical event. Historical records such as "Historical Records" and "Shangshu" mutually confirm each other, and have the function of verifying history and supplementing history.
"Sima Qian believes that King Zhou Cheng had not moved to Luoyi at the time in the "Zhou Ben Ji Zhan", but He Zun's inscription opens with the record of'Only the first moved his house in Cheng Zhou', which confirms that King Cheng did move to Luoyi. ."
This rare national treasure was accidentally discovered by a local farmer in 1963 and was once sold to a waste station. It was only discovered by the officials of the Baoji City Museum in 1965 and bought back at a price of 30 yuan. be found.
It was not until 1975 that the State Administration of Cultural Heritage was to hold an exhibition of Chinese cultural relics in Japan. Baoji sent this gluttonous bronze statue, and the inscription in the statue was finally discovered by the bronze expert Mr. Ma Chengyuan.
"When Mr. Ma Chengyuan saw this bronze ware, he wondered: Why is there no inscription on such a large bronze ware? Later, he repeatedly fumbled with his hand on the bottom of the inner wall of the bronze statue, feeling that there seemed to be inscriptions somewhere, so he was sent to remove it. Rust." After removing the dirt and rust, an inscription with a total of 122 words in 12 lines was found on the bottom of the bronze statue. This treasure has since been named "He Zun" and has become a national treasure-level cultural relic.
It is worth mentioning that in 2017, at the "Zhaizi China" Western Zhou bronze ware exhibition to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Sanxingdui Museum, He Zun also came to Sichuan for the first time, and Wang Hong also "accompanied" the national treasure to Sichuan. .
"I have been to Sichuan five or six times, and every time I have to visit Sanxingdui and Jinsha," she said.
Pan
372 words, a minimalist version
"Bronze History Book"
"Baoji's bronzes are especially famous for their rich inscriptions. They left us with fragments of historical events related to the Western Zhou Dynasty from political, military, economic, legal and other aspects." Wang Hong said, "There are 372 characters on this plate. The bronze ware with the largest number of inscriptions, recorded from Zhou Wen and Zhou Wu to the monarch Zhou Xuan served by the master of the plate at that time, is a minimalist version of the'Bronze History Book'. It is not only a chronological history of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is also a family history, the fate of the country and the fate of the family are closely connected."
Dapan was discovered in early 2003.
Wang Hong clearly remembered that day: Saturday, January 19th.
While digging the soil, five farmers in Yangjia Village accidentally discovered this 2800-year-old bronze cellar.
There are a total of 27 bronze wares in the cellar, with more than 4,000 characters inscriptions on them, which are focused on Shan Lu and his Shan family.
The Pan is the core artifact of these 27 bronzes. The inscriptions in the pan not only record the history of the eight generations of the Shan family who assisted the 12 kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the battle, administration, and management of Linze, but also the changes in the royal family and the chronological lineage of the Western Zhou Dynasty. With a clear record, it is the first time to confirm the names of the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty recorded in the "Historical Records · Zhou Benji", so it is also known as "China's first set".
Who is Shan Lu?
What kind of background does he have to have so many bronzes?
Wang Hong told reporters that Ta was a nobleman surnamed Ji, who lived in the period of King Zhou Xuan (828 BC ~ 783 BC). In the 42nd year of King Zhou Xuan (786 BC), he assisted the eldest father of Yang Hou (the father of Zhou Xuan). The son) was successful in fighting against the hulks, and was rewarded by King Zhou Xuan with a pot of wine and a large piece of land.
Later, while Shan Lu inherited the title of his ancestors, he was also transferred to the post of Yu Lin (responsible for the management of the mountains and lakes belonging to the Emperor Zhou), and was extremely favored by the monarch.
"From the lineage of the Shan family described by Taupan, it is not difficult to find that his family made important contributions to the establishment, consolidation and development of the Zhou Dynasty, and participated extensively in the political, economic and military activities of the Zhou Dynasty." Wang Hong Said, "In this generation, the family power has expanded extraordinary, and it has become a home of bells and whistles that lasted for hundreds of years. Until the Spring and Autumn Period, the descendants of the Shan family were still active in the political arena, a typical prominent position. Of the official family."
Forty-two years and forty-three years
The victory of a war comes from the admonition of the emperor
The 42nd year and the 43rd year of Dading were also unearthed at the same time as Dapan.
The inscriptions of these two tripods mainly record the wars, enfeoffments and admonishment and encouragement from the Emperor Zhou at that time.
In the 42nd year, Dading recorded the reward of the emperor's victory in the war against the hulk in the 42nd year of King Zhou Xuan (786 BC).
The 猃狁 was a powerful northern minority tribe at that time, frequently invading the western borders and plagued the Zhou royal family for a long time.
In the time of King Zhou Xuan, King Zhou Xuan entrusted his son's eldest father to Yang (now southeast of Hongdong, Shanxi), and established the Yang Kingdom as the first checkpoint to fight against the invasion of hunger.
Dao was sent by King Zhou Xuan to assist Yang Hou's eldest father in the war against the hunger. After winning, King Zhou Xuan was very satisfied and rewarded him with wine and land.
The inscription recorded in the forty-three years of the Ding Ding inscription is mainly Zhou Xuan King’s four “don’t dare” to warn him of the principles of governance: one is to be cautious in governing, not to covet comfort, and not to indulge yourself; the other is to govern according to the law. Distinguish right from wrong; the third is to enforce the law fairly; the fourth is not to be insatiable, to be full of private pockets, and not to bully those who are helpless.
In the end, King Zhou Xuan said to Da that if Da did not act in accordance with his admonitions, it would be Wang’s fault, and Wang himself had failed to perform his duties.
"In the inscriptions of the Ming Dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is not difficult to find that the emperor of the Western Zhou Dynasty has higher requirements on the professional ethics of officials, especially high-ranking officials." Wang Hong said, "The thought of governing officials in the Western Zhou Dynasty reflected in the admonitions of King Zhou Xuan to Dao. It is also the core content of my country's traditional government officials."
Berger
The highest peak of ancient bronze casting technology
Finally, Wang Hong also introduced the well-known Bogou-a wine container, which was unearthed in 1976. The body is decorated with gluttonous patterns, a dragon pattern on the seat and a cloud and thunder pattern on the ribs. , All complicated and exquisite, it is breathtaking.
"During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the China Millennium Monument held an exhibition to fully display ancient Chinese science and technology. Bog Yan was also sent to the exhibition at that time, because it represented the highest peak of ancient bronze casting craftsmanship in my country." Wang Hong said , "The fan casting process is an original creation in China. The most complicated part of the bronze casting process is model making. This is where the term'model' we often say comes from."
According to textual research, Bog Yanyi shared 34 pieces of mud fan.
The more fan blocks, the greater the possibility of positioning and assembly errors, especially the lifting beams of the Bogjiao. If you are not careful during casting, the lifting beams and the body will be cast to death, the lifting beams cannot be moved, and the 卣 will be scrapped. NS.
From Shudi
Bronze portrait unearthed from the disappearing "bow fish" country
Or in the same line as Sanxingdui
In the pre-Qin period, the relationship and interaction between Sichuan and Shaanxi were very close.
According to Wang Hong, the bronze 罍 unearthed at the Sanxingdui site in Guanghan is very similar in type to the bronze 罍 unearthed in the Baoji area. The main body of the scorpion is also decorated with gluttonous patterns and animal face patterns.
"The bronze casting technology and aesthetic style of the ancient Shu people in Sanxingdui was obviously influenced by the Central Plains."
The cultural relics unearthed from the tombs of the "Gongyu (pronounced "fish")" country in the southwestern suburb of Baoji vaguely point to the history of a branch of the ancient Shu people who migrated across the Qinling Mountains to Baoji.
"At this Western Zhou period site, 29 tombs have been discovered so far, 27 were discovered in the 1970s, and two were discovered in 2003." Wang Hong said, "A large number of pots with pointed bottoms were unearthed. A kind of pottery with strong regionality, its appearance is often associated with the ancient Shu people on the Chengdu Plain."
In addition, a bronze standing figure similar to Sanxingdui was unearthed from the tombs at the "bow fish" country site. Although only a dozen centimeters high, the bronze figure's hands are exaggerated and shaped like a holding object, which was later unearthed at Sanxingdui. The bronze dali people of the two are in the same line, and the identity of the representatives should also be the same.
There is a bow on the left and a fish on the right. The word "bow fish", which cannot be found in the input method or dictionary, has so far only appeared on the bronze tripods and bronze plates unearthed at the Gongyu Kingdom site.
The symbol combination of bow and fish is also vividly reflected on the golden rods unearthed at Sanxingdui site and the golden crown belt unearthed at Jinsha site—the elements of bows, arrows, fish and birds appear on both pieces of gold. The bow and arrow pierced and connected tightly.
Experts have verified that the ancestors of the "bow fish" people migrated to Baoji during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to live and live, and were subsequently accepted by the Zhou dynasty. The leader was canonized as a non-Ji vassal state, and the "bow fish" state monarch. He also married Jing Ji, a noblewoman, as his wife.
However, this small country without a foundation failed to develop and grow, but declined day by day, and finally disappeared in the long river of history.
Chengdu Commercial Daily-Red Star News reporter Qiao Xueyang, according to the interviewee