It is said that the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC - 15 March 44 BC), which the month of July was named after his name, was killed by a number of his leaders in what looked like a coup, after they stabbed him several times. At the Senate House.

July is one of the hot summer months, and at the same time for its military coups around the world, 11 of them succeeded in overthrowing the existing governments, and the Arab countries had the largest share of these coups.

failed coups

Historically, the failed July/July putsch were 5;

The first took place in Cuba, Latin America, 68 years ago;

It was followed by an attempt in Syria, a third in Sudan, then Morocco, and finally in Turkey in 2016.

Cuba

With General Fulgencio Batista's accession to power in Cuba in 1952, Fidel Castro, then 26, became a radical.

Castro decided to take a large-scale action, accompanied by his brother and dozens of his comrades, convinced of the necessity of overthrowing the regime that came after a military coup.

After secretly training in the use of weapons, the group attacked on 26 July 1953 the Moncada barracks disguised as military uniforms, but the operation failed after an army patrol surprised them.

Fidel Castro (Al Jazeera)

After being captured by the army, dozens of fighters were killed after being tortured, and Fidel Castro escaped death after the intervention of Sergeant Pedro Sarria, who refused to follow orders, shouting at the soldiers: "Don't shoot! Don't shoot! Ideas don't kill."

In the end, Castro was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but only spent 18 months before he benefited from a pardon. Upon his release from prison in 1955, Fidel Castro founded the July 26 Movement (M26-7) with the aim of continuing the struggle.

Syria

Louay al-Atassi was involved in the coup against President Adib al-Shishakli in 1954, and on March 23, 1963 he assumed the position of President of the Republic, until a failed coup attempt occurred against him on July 18, 1963, to submit his resignation on the 27th of the same month.

Sudan

Jaafar al-Numeiri came to power in Sudan after the 1969 coup, and since that time there have been several attempts to overthrow him, the first of which occurred on July 19, 1971, which is known as the "coup of Hashem al-Atta".

But Nimeiri and his aides thwarted the coup after 4 days, and tried the putschists militarily in the military tree area (south of Khartoum), and sentenced to death each of: the Secretary of the Communist Party Abdel-Khaleq Mahjoub, Hashem Al-Atta, Farouk Hamdallah, Al-Shafi’ Ahmed Al-Sheikh, and a list of civilians and soldiers, The rest were imprisoned, to begin the stage of extended hostility between the communists and the Nimeiri regime.

Morocco, West, sunset

On the tenth of July, 50 years ago, the atmosphere of the Royal Palace in Skhirat (from a suburb of the capital, Rabat) changed from the atmosphere of joy and jubilation on the birthday of the late King Hassan II, to a terrifying atmosphere that smelled of death throughout the palace.

The head of the Royal Guard, General Muhammad al-Mabbouh, and the commander of the Military School (Harmomo) Muhammad Ababo led the coup in which the students of the school participated without their prior knowledge that it was a coup.

According to many accounts that lived through what happened in 1971, the lack of understanding between Ababo and the slaughtered during the execution of the coup thwarted it, especially since the second was keen for the coup to be peaceful and without loss of life, but Ababo gave his orders to shoot, which brought down many of the king's guests in a palace Skhirat.

The late King Hassan II (communication sites)

After 3 hours of chaos inside Skhirat Palace, the late king survived the attempted coup against him and his brother, Prince Abdullah, was wounded in the hand.

The king assigned his defense minister, Mohamed Oufkir, to reset matters, after he killed more than 130 people, executed 10 officers, including 4 generals, and imprisoned many students.

After the events in Skhirat, the "Harmomo" school was closed, and the name of the city, which is about 250 kilometers from the capital Rabat, was changed from "Harmoumo" to "Rabat al-Khair".

Turkey

5 military coups in Turkey since 1960, all of them succeeded except for the July 15, 2016, coup, which was remembered a few days ago, and failed to overthrow the elected authority.

Unlike other coups in Turkey that overthrew the dream of pluralism, democracy and freedom in the country, the Turkish people faced and defeated the putschists.

The failed coup attempt was carried out by limited elements of the army affiliated with the "FETO terrorist organization", which tried to control the joints of the state and its security and media institutions.

July 15, 2016...a coup thwarted by the Turkish people (Al-Jazeera)

The coup attempt was met with massive popular protests in most Turkish cities and states;

Citizens headed in large crowds towards the parliament and the chief of staff in the capital, the international airport in Istanbul, and the security directorates in a number of cities.

The popular position forced military vehicles deployed around those headquarters to withdraw, which contributed significantly to thwarting the coup plot, which killed about 251 people and wounded 2,200, in just 15 hours.

Coups succeeded

As for the coups that took place in July, during which the military managed to seize the reins of power and ascend the seat of power, they are 11 coups, which began in Egypt in 1952 and also ended in Egypt in 2013.

Egypt

The first of the July coups that succeeded was in Egypt, which throughout its modern history witnessed two coups that took place in July, each of which succeeded.

The first coup was on July 23, 1952, carried out by a group of army officers who called themselves the "Free Officers" organization, led by Major General Muhammad Naguib, and they succeeded in overthrowing King Farouk and expelling him from the country.

Free Officers (unknown)

But a power struggle arose between Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser after the former saw the necessity of handing over power to an elected civilian authority.

Gamal was able to resolve the conflict in his favour, and set Naguib's residence in the palace of Zainab al-Wakeel, the excommunication of Mustafa al-Nahhas Pasha in the suburb of Marg (east of Cairo) until his death.

On July 3, 2013, Egyptian Defense Minister Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi led a military coup against the first elected civilian president in Egypt's history, the late Mohamed Morsi.

Al-Sisi delivers the statement of the military coup and announces the dismissal of the elected president (Egyptian press)

In the coup statement, Sisi - who later became president of Egypt - announced the ouster of Morsi, detained him in an unknown location, suspended the work of the constitution, and orders were issued to arrest hundreds of members of the Muslim Brotherhood, who were later referred to trial, and many of them were sentenced to death.

The Egyptians were divided between those who saw what happened as a full-fledged military coup, and those who considered it a response to a popular revolution in which millions of angry Egyptians left Morsi’s rule on June 30, 2013.

Iraq

On July 14, 1958, a coup took place in Iraq, also known as the "July Revolution", a coup that overthrew the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, which was established by King Faisal I under British auspices, and killed all members of the royal family, led by King Faisal II (23 years old). ), Crown Prince Abdul Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri Al-Said.

The coup was led by Abd al-Karim Qassem, Abd al-Salam Aref and the rest of the "Free Officers" lineup. As a result, the Iraqi Republic was established, and Iraq remained a de facto one-party socialist state from 1958 to 2003.

Abd al-Salam Aref (left) and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (Getty)

Baath coup

The coup of July 17, 1968, in which the regime of President Abd al-Rahman Aref was overthrown, and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party took power, with what was known as the "White Revolution" led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, his deputy Saddam Hussein, and Dhiab al-Alkawi.

Algeria

The first coup in Algeria was on July 22, 1962, against the interim government led by Ben Youssef Ben Khadda, and the coup was led by Ahmed Ben Bella at the time.

On March 31, 1965, Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella (right) and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai wave to a crowd in Algiers

In April 1963, Ben Bella assumed the position of Secretary of the Liberation Front, then was elected on September 23, President of the Republic for a period of 5 years, in addition to assuming the presidency of the government and the position of Supreme Commander of the Army, and at the National Liberation Front Conference that took place in April 1964 Ben Bella was elected Secretary-General of the Political Bureau.

Burundi

On July 8, 1966, Captain Michel Mukimbiro led the first coup in Burundi against King Ntari V, to rule the country until 1976, and was famous for his dictatorial rule, and for his many killings of thousands.

Afghanistan

On July 17, 1973, a military coup led by Muhammad Daoud Khan overthrew the monarchy in Afghanistan led by Muhammad Zahir Shah, and declared the establishment of the republic, until Khan was assassinated in 1978.

Greek Cyprus

On July 15, 1974, a military coup led to the removal of President Makarios from his position, and the Turkish army was forced to enter the north of the island to protect the Turkish Cypriots on July 20, and the island was divided into two states: Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus.

Pakistan

On July 5, 1977, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq carried out a military coup that overthrew the government of "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto", founder of the Pakistan People's Party.

Mauritania

Mauritania has not witnessed political stability, since independence from the French occupation on November 28, 1960.

After 18 years that Nouakchott lived under a civilian government, Colonel Mustapha Ould Salek decided on the morning of July 10, 1978 to put an end to the years of rule by Mokhtar Ould Daddah and the beginning of military rule in the country.

Mokhtar Ould Daddah (Al Jazeera)

During the rule of Ould Daddah, Mauritania suffered from the continuation of the Saharan war and the intensification of the strikes of the Polisario Front;

Corruption of the feeling within the active wings of the military establishment that the time has come to put an end to this war, which appears on the horizon with no end.

Since the coup of July 10, 1978, which was carried out by officers of the Mauritanian army against the first president to rule the country;

Absent the capacity of the civilian president of the ruler of Mauritania.

Mauritania waited 30 years for a civilian president to rule again, Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi. Coups took place in the country in 1979, 1980 and 1984, then 2003 and 2005, and the last of them was in 2008.

Gambia

On July 22, 1994, former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh was able to come to power through a bloodless military coup in 1994, and he was elected President of the Republic two years later, and was elected until 2017.