Professor
R. Klitgaard
formulated, in the late 1980s, a basic equation of corruption that has become the most synthetic expression of what are the ingredients that are required to ensure its success.
According to
this formula, corruption equals monopoly of public decision (M) plus discretion (D) minus accountability (
Accountability
) (C = M + DA) .In the heart of all formulas is the power zero -
sum game - control: the more power (monopo
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