How many titles does Jiang Ziya have?
▌Mr. Lin House
The historical prototype of Jiang Ziya, as we know it, is Lu Shang, the Taishi of the Zhou Dynasty at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty.
So why is Lu Shang called "Jiang Ziya" again?
What is his last name and name?
In fact, there are many titles in Lu Shang's handed down documents, and each title has certain rules.
List how many titles he has, and you can get a glimpse of the appellation habits of the Zhou Dynasty.
The first thing to talk about is Lu Shang.
There is a difference between "name" and "zi" in ancient China. "Name" is the name at birth and is mostly used for modest names; "zi" is the name of adulthood and is mostly used for honorifics.
And Lu Shang’s word is "Shangfu", "The Book of Songs·Daya·Daming" boasted about his demeanor in the Muye battle and said, "Master Wei Shangfu, Shi Weiyingyang", the male character of Zhou Dynasty is often called "Father" Women are often referred to as "mother". For example, Confucius would use the word "Father Zhongni", but this "father" can often be omitted. Therefore, in the "Xunzi", "Lü Shi Chunqiu" and "Historical Records·The Family of Emperor Qi" , Is called "Lu Shang".
At the same time, Zhou dynasty also used phony characters, so Tsinghua bamboo slips "Qiye" wrote him "Xian Shangfu", which is actually another way of writing "Lu Shangfu".
Lu Shang's name should be "Wang", and he is called "Lüwang" in "Xunzi" and "Lu Shi Chunqiu".
The more frequent occurrence of "Taigongwang" in the pre-Qin literature is "Mencius", "Han Feizi", "Lu Shi Chunqiu" and "Yi Zhou Shu".
"Historical Records of Zhou Benji" said that "Tai Gongwang" was the address of the source Zhou Wenwang said, "My Taigong hopes for a long time", and it seems that Taigongwang means "Tai Gongwang" of King Wen.
However, this statement is unreliable, because "Tai Gong" and "Wang" were already very common in the pre-Qin period as Lu Shang.
The Shanghai blog "Gu Gong meets Tai Gong Wang" stated that Wen Wang's grandfather, Gu Gong, had already seen Tai Gong Wang.
Lu Shang’s most famous "Ziya" came from very late. Only in the Pre-Qin literature only "Sun Tzu Art of War" clearly mentions "Lv Ya". The Tsinghua Bamboo Slip "Liang Chen" has a "Jun Ya" when Zhou became King. The "Shang (Shang) Father" of King Wu was clearly listed as two persons.
"Shang Shu" also has a "Jun Ya" chapter, the specific content is no longer known. "Shang Shu Preface" lists him as a figure in the Zhou Mu period, which is farther away from the time of Lu Shang.
In short, "Ya" as Lu Shang's name appeared only once in the early records. Whether this is his alias or is confused with "Jun Ya", we don't know.
The term "Ziya" is even more of a later generation.
Then let's talk about Lu Shang's last name.
When we mentioned Lu Shang’s various titles, we only said "Lu Shang", "Lu Wang" and "Lu Ya" instead of "Jiang". Why?
Because Zhou Dynasty's surname and family name are also different.
In short, the family name is the symbol of the social group at that time, and the surname is the symbol of the blood group.
Jiang Ziya's surname was Jiang. In the late Shang Dynasty, he lived in the country of Lu and his family was Lu, so he was called Lu Shang.
When the Zhou Dynasty was entrusted, he was sent to Qi State, so he was also called Qi Taigong.
Although his clan had changed from Lu to Qi, the surname Jiang remained unchanged.
Men in the Zhou Dynasty are generally called by their surnames and their first names, so that you can see which nationality they belong to at a glance; while women are called by their surnames and their first names, so that no matter how the family changes, it is not easy to violate the system of "no marriage with the same surname". .
Therefore, Lu Shang could not be called "Jiang Ziya" in the Zhou Dynasty.
So, why did he later become "Jiang Ziya" again?
This is related to the confluence of the surnames of the Warring States and the Qin and Han Dynasties.
After the Qin and Han dynasties, the surname and the clan are the same thing, and everyone is not so clearly distinguished. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, "The Latent" says "Wen, martial artist Jiang Shang", "Wen Wang Yu Yu, meet Jiang Shang in Weibin", It is the earliest record to call him "Jiang".
In addition to the name of the clan, the Zhou dynasty also liked to use the official position and the honorable name.
Lu Shang's official position was "Taipei", the highest military officer of the Zhou Dynasty, also referred to as "division".
This "teacher" is not the "teacher" of the teacher, but the "teacher" of the army, so it will be called "Master Shangfu"; Jiang Ziya is also honored as "Taigong", so he will be called "Tai Gongwang" and "Qi" Tai Gong".
In the early years of the Zhou dynasty, "gong" was the name given to the venerable. For example, Zhou Gongdan and Zhao Gongshi were both auxiliary ministers at that time.
However, Lu Shang was not called "Lu Gongwang" at the time, probably because he was not the monarch of Lu, and the general name of the monarch could also be called "gong".
Lu Shang also has a special title "Flying Bear" in later generations.
In "Zhou Benji", it is mentioned that Zhou Wenwang had fortune-telling before he met Lu Shang, and the conclusion was that he got "not a dragon, nor a tiger, nor a tiger, nor a tiger", but "the assistant of the uncle king". There are four kinds of animals, tigers and tigers, and the tiger is a kind of bear, so everyone refers to the "non-female" as "non-bear", and then as "flying bear".
In the Yuan Dynasty's "Wu King Fighting against Zhou Ping Hua", it is said that King Wen dreamed of a two-winged tiger coming to His Royal Highness. Zhou Gongdan explained to him that this is a flying bear. If you get it, you will get a sage. In this way, Lu Shang has The name "Flying Bear".
Lu Shang is good at art of war and has written "The Six Secret Teachings of the Supreme Master".
Therefore, Tang Xuanzong listed him as a national sacrifice; Tang Suzong named him the King of Wucheng and became a martial sage alongside Confucius; Song Zhenzong also named him the King of Wucheng Zhaolie.
It was not until the Ming Dynasty that his position was taken away by Guan Yu.
The title "Wucheng Wang" was gradually forgotten, but merged with "Feihu" to form a new character, namely, the Wucheng King Huang Feihu in "The Romance of the Gods".
Interestingly, there are also suspected remains of Lu Shang in the archaeological discoveries.
From 2008 to 2009, a bronze ware was discovered at the pre-Western Zhou site of Chenzhuang in Gaoqing County, Zibo City, Shandong Province. This bronze ware was made by Feng for his ancestor, Zujia Qi Gong.
This "jia" is the "day name" of this "qi gong". The so-called "day name" originated in the Shang Dynasty, and it represents the day of the ancestors' sacrifice on the tenth day of heaven. For example, Shang Zhou is also called Di Xin. It is the sacrifice on the eighth day of the tenth day.
This custom was also inherited in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. For example, Lu Shang’s son was named Qi Dinggong, and Lu Shang’s grandson was named Qi Yigong, which was obviously different from the posthumous name later.
Since this site is located in the early period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the ancestors will not be Ding Gong and Yi Gong, then Lu Shang himself is of course the most likely.
In short, because of the complicated addressing habits of the Zhou Dynasty and the complicated experience of Lu Shang himself, he had a lot of "vest" at that time. Before the "Historical Records" there were grandpa Qi Gong, Shi Shangfu, Lu Shang, Lu Shangfu , Tai Gong, Tai Gong Wang, Lu Wang, Lu Ya, Qi Tai Gong, etc.
It was later in the Eastern Han Dynasty that Jiang Shang began to be called Jiang Shang. He was officially listed as King Wucheng and King Zhaolie Wucheng in the Tang and Song Dynasties, while in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties he was called Fei Xiong and Jiang Ziya in literary works.