The childhood "reproduced" left behind

  After opening the kindergarten, Liu Yue often saw the shadow of her childhood in her children, excited for her parents to return home, and couldn't help sharing the joy of their parents when they returned home. The shadows and shadows were entwined with her childhood.

  Liu Yue, born in 1993, has a growth experience that coincides with the general trend of urban-rural mobility in the 1990s.

She was born in the rural area of ​​Ningling, Henan, where it was gradually becoming a trend to go out to work, and male labor was mainly exported.

"I came back for a few days and left again." The post-90s who were interviewed said that when they talked about childhood, the image of their father was mostly vague.

  Thirty years have passed. The original left-behind children have grown up. Everyone's growth trajectory looks different, but they have very similar paths.

  He stayed behind as a child, and then left his hometown to work or go to school. When he reached the age of marriageable age around 24, he returned to his hometown to do the marriage. Soon after the child was born, he continued to work outside.

  There are also a few who have left the countryside and stayed in the city, without experiencing the repetition of fate.

However, most people travel between the countryside and the city every year, migrating like migratory birds.

The children left behind in their hometowns become second-generation left-behind children.

Dad on the phone

  Liu Yue's daughter Tian Ye feels that her father lives on a mobile phone. The father and daughter communicate normally across the screen. When father appears in the dialog box, Tian Ye will jump up, clap her hands, and take the opportunity to kiss her mobile phone.

When we meet one of the few times in a year, the father of "Sanwei" becomes stranger instead.

She would avoid, ran aside, and watched secretly.

  In a scene familiar to a one-and-a-half-year-old child, mother, grandma, grandpa and children are the biggest circles of life.

Tian Ye loves to stick to Liu Yue, especially after taking a nap, he has to coax his mother to get rid of the choking gas.

She will also follow other children in the kindergarten, screaming vaguely during extracurricular activities, "Study is a master, Tsinghua University, Peking University, all win."

  Like them, she still doesn't understand the exact meaning of this sentence.

  In the evening after school, on the road facing the street, rumbling tractors passed by from time to time.

The rural villages in September have a rare popularity in a year.

The peanuts are harvesting, the tractor is roaring, and the concrete road in the country is cut by the dried peanut seedlings.

The corn is still standing in the field, frame by frame of green to frame the last harvest season of the year.

  This is the epitome of the extremely commonplace in the Central Plains.

Ningling County is located in the central part of Henan. Agriculture is an important pillar industry, and Henan is also an important backing for my country's grain production.

However, the income from farming cannot cover the cost of living, and the economic growth brought about by migrant workers is the main source of the county’s GDP.

  Starting from the emergence of a generation of migrant workers in the 1990s, more than 30 years have passed, and their children have become a new generation of migrant workers.

  In 2012, a survey of more than 1,200 migrant workers born in the 80s and 90s showed that nearly 60% of the respondents were left-behind children, and their children are or have become a new generation of left-behind children.

  A few days ago, the China Development Research Foundation and the China Children’s Center formed a joint research team to conduct "Survey on Early Childhood Development in Impoverished Areas" in 28 counties across the country.

The reporter selected 80 questionnaires from 200 questionnaires in Liulou Village, Liulou Township, Ningling County. They were combined according to who took care of the children, whether they lived with their parents, and how often their parents returned home. Among children aged 3-6, both left behind 75% are left-behind and left-behind alone, and about 70% are left-behind and single-behind for 0-3 years old.

  6-year-old Wang Zimo is also one of the double left-behind children in Liulou Township.

  Wang Zimo was in pre-kindergarten at Liulou Township Experimental Kindergarten. He was thin and weak with a watermelon head cut. He stood close to the front when he lined up. He looked timidly when he saw strangers. He hurriedly clung to the children in front.

  After school, grandmother Ge Yuying brought his two-year-old sister, Wang Zitong, to pick him up, and her sister Tao, most of the time, he watched her sister play on the slide.

  Ge Yuying was brought back to the rescue.

In November last year, when his sister turned two years old, Wang Juan, Wang's mother, Wang Zimo, decided to go south to work again, and he became a double left-behind child.

  "I work in Xinjiang. Her parents-in-law and mother-in-law left early, or I wouldn't show them the children." Ge Yuying, 52 years old, with black hair and a low pony tail, speaks neatly and simply.

When I was young, I went to work in Xinjiang with my husband, cutting cotton and cutting wheat. Most of the three children’s growing up time "had not left home".

  Wang Zitong was full of energy, took his shoes to one side, ran around barefoot, and disappeared from sight in a moment.

Ge Yuying spoke for a while, and started looking for the child. Wang Zimo squatted in a shady place, holding his cheeks, watching all this.

He has to adapt to this new normal.

  Pan Lu, a professor at the School of Humanities and Development of China Agricultural University, said that the urban-rural migration of rural population has expanded from mainly young and middle-aged males to male and female villagers with a larger age cycle since the 1980s.

  "Survey on Early Childhood Development in Impoverished Areas" 40 questionnaires for children aged 3-6 years show that 15% of mothers go out to work when their children are under one year old, 23% of children who go out to work when their children are 1-2 years old, and 2-3 years old. 17% of those who went out to work, 43% of those who did not work.

Childhood

  After graduating from Shangqiu Kindergarten Normal School in 2011, Liu Yue returned to run a kindergarten in Caoxi'an Village, Ningling County, Shangqiu, from a left-behind child to a guardian of left-behind children.

  In kindergartens, the proportion of double-left-behind children is about 70%, and 20% of the mothers of the children stay at home. Many of them are taking care of the second child, and only 10% are accompanied by their parents.

  "The children who stayed behind have a sincere desire for their parents. Sometimes they can't help telling everyone when they learn that their parents are going home. After their parents come back, they will proudly hold their heads up and tell the children in the class,'School is off today Mom came to pick me up'." Liu Yue said.

  Liu Yue also had the feelings of being affected by his parents' return and departure.

  Two years ago, his daughter Tian Ye was born, which almost reproduced Liu Yue's childhood.

At the age of 10, Liu Yue dared not stay alone in the house at night. Even if the lights were on, she needed someone to accompany her.

Tian Ye is at home, there is a car passing by the door, and he hides in his mother's arms.

  Liu Yue felt that the courage of her daughter was closely related to the company of her father.

0-6 years old is a precious psychological safety period for children. The role of the father is strong. It should be the "Ultraman" in the child's heart by holding the child high on his shoulders.

  But when Tian Ye was 3 months old, his father went to Jiangxi and went home twice a year.

Because of her father's absence, when Liu Yue was two years old, she still couldn't call her father.

  Companionship is a luxury.

Migrating to work is the most important source of income to support a family.

Looking back at childhood, most of the interviewees were unconscious about staying behind in those days, "it was all like this at the time" and "dad is out to make money."

  But something is still being burned, and the father's reticence and his youthful sorrow are all packed into the black box of memory.

  Inferiority complex, when Wang Bingbo analyzed again, he felt that the lack of his father's company and his father's silence were the biggest reasons.

  As far as I can remember, when it's rare to go home in a year, my father and mother would "quarrel over money" without saying a word or coaxing.

Let the days at home that have been squeezed, leaving blank marks.

  Father-daughter interaction is also scarce, and the father has never asked about the learning situation and living conditions.

At that time, Wang Bingbo envied "other people's father."

"The uncle in front is very talkative, and he will tell his daughters this and that." To his father, "always feel a sense of distance."

  When he arrived in high school, Wang Bingbo did not dare to meet the boys. When he was in college, he simply went into the library and stayed away from social interactions.

"I can't find my dad like this in the future." She and her sister made up their minds secretly.

  Liu Mingfu identified the turning point in his life as junior high school.

"If you go through it smoothly, you will be fine. If you can't get through it, you'll be'diarrhea' and go to school to work." He belongs to the category that hasn't passed through, skipping school during the rebellious period, fighting, and letting the family know nothing about it.

  Would it be a different situation if the parents were around at that time?

His tone suddenly dropped: He didn't understand when he was young, and he didn't care about it anymore.

Anyway, it has been finalized.

He paused, "If your parents are at home, you may not be able to go to college. Of course, if you are not at home, you may not be able to go to college. It depends on the individual."

  In 2012, a job search platform conducted a survey of 1,200 migrant workers. 35% of the migrant workers surveyed said that lack of parental care makes them lonely and depressed, and 31% of the respondents said they have become more independent , 12% said it was easy to make bad friends, and 8% said it was easy to be bullied.

New issues for a generation to stay behind

  At the age of being a parent, the real test comes.

  The first-year son Chen Siyu took the single-digit final exam and "blasted" Dai Kai back home.

The grandmother is illiterate, and she takes the children with her delicately.

Chen Siyu and Chen Shiyuan, two brothers and sisters, grew up barbarously in Junchen Village.

  "Go for another two years and fly." In August, Dai Kai returned home from Suzhou, and getting along with her children became her new topic.

  Daughter Chen Shiyuan is relatively relieved, while son Chen Siyu is a big problem.

His chubby eyes laughed, and the slyness of a child was hidden in the folds of his eyelids.

Picking up home after school, the sandals were broken, and he jumped to the school gate, "hahaha", smiling at Daikai.

  Difficult, difficult to do homework.

The back leg of the small chair was broken, and a piece of wood was tied to make a bracket. Chen Siyu sat on it, swaying, and doing homework uneasy.

  Is Xiao Ming on Xiaoli's left or right?

He gestured with his left and right hands, always confused.

The "shuye" of "leaf" was the first few tones. He said the word "leaf", dragged the long tone, raised his hand, "second tone", observed the expression in his mother's eyes, read "shuye", and did it with his hands. A turning action, "three beeps"?

  Dai Kai stared at him and asked, "Right?" "Right?"

Chen Siyu carefully searched for the answer from his mother's response.

  This is a patient grind for both sides.

After Dai Kai returns home, it will be staged every day.

  On several occasions, Chen Siyu secretly took Daikai's mobile phone to give his dad a video, crying and crying, and said, "Hurry up and let my mother go, and grandma is at home."

  Although Chen Siyu is 8 years old and Chen Shiyuan is 6 years old, Dai Kai is still a novice when it comes to motherhood.

In the past eight years, for more than half of her time, she worked in Zhejiang and Suzhou. In the rare time she spent with each other, they only knew of babies who were nursing and crying.

  The children who grew up in a blink of an eye caught Dai Kai by surprise.

In Suzhou, she and her husband, who is in the same factory, can go unfettered. On weekends, they can go shopping, eat and drink, just like all young people.

Back in the village, you have to face your children truly.

Mathematics problems, pinyin, and handwriting were placed in front of her and her son. She had to go through the childhood that had a headache for homework.

  After being pressed by Dai Kai to finish the two test papers, Chen Siyu couldn't sit still anymore. "Okay," he ran out to play with his mobile phone and was found unavoidable for training.

  He straightened his stomach, pouted and cried, and pointed at Dai Kai with his fingers, "Why can you look at the phone and I can't look at it".

Immediately, he realized that this was a contrast of great power disparity, turned and walked into the room, leaving a "humph".

  The new generation of migrant workers with left-behind experience is facing or is about to face the test of "how to be a parent". Pan Lu believes that their family outlook and outlook on life formed in childhood will have a subtle impact on their parenting behavior, which is fundamental The above determines the family atmosphere for the growth of a new generation of left-behind children and their socialization process.

  Compared with the first generation of left-behind children, some scholars have pointed out that most of the second-generation left-behind children enter the left-behind state when they are in their infancy (infancy).

Due to the absence of parents in infants and young children, as well as the replacement of grandparents and grandparents, there are certain deviations in their psychology and cognition, especially in the cognition of parents, there may be serious sequelae.

  This is a test of two generations.

  Out of circle

  On weekdays, Daikai’s words were short and straightforward, and for a moment, the pressure of life was all over, and she sighed slightly, "Not going to school now is like an illiterate illiterate."

The electronics factory where Kai went to work in Suzhou after graduating from junior high school has closed down.

  As the first generation of migrant workers, Ge Yuying often nags her son who is still in high school, "You see, I have no education, so I can only go out to work, and I’ll be outside in the hot weather. How much money can I earn a day. I still go to school." Well, I can sit in the office and use the air conditioner in the future."

  They all hope that the next generation can break out of the circle of repetition.

  When Wang Bingbo was young, there was a leak in the house at home. When it was windy and rainy, the three siblings scooped water out, and the squeaky wooden door swelled in the rain.

When Liu Mingfu was in the third grade, the food at home was tight, and his grandmother needed to deliver wheat.

  Today's left-behind children no longer have to experience the bitterness of their parents, but they still repeat a similar flow trajectory.

  Wawu Liu Village, where Wang Bingbo and Liu Mingfu are located, is in the center of Chenglou Township. East and West Streets and South and North Streets intersect, forming a busy circle. Sinopec gas stations, SF Express, and JD Home Appliances spread the tentacles of the city on the road. Stores and fertilizer seed shops collect a lot of passenger traffic, and there are also deli shops and various supermarkets.

  Thirty years ago, Ge Yuying went to construction sites to dig mud and go to Xinjiang to plant land. The younger generations mostly walked into factories and worked on the assembly line at the forefront of the development of the times.

The salary rose from a few yuan a day to a few hundred yuan a day.

  When I got rich, I went back to the village to build a bright two-story building. Every Spring Festival, I stayed in the newly built house for two weeks, leaving the children behind, and then a long time to leave.

  Pan Lu said that the urban-rural flow of rural population began in the early 1990s, and after 30 years of accumulation and growth, it has evolved from a specific economic behavior to a normalized one that swept and penetrated Chinese rural society. lifestyle.

The negative effects of rural labor mobility on the growth of left-behind children are accumulating, and it has a profound impact on the development of the entire rural population through intergenerational cycles.

  Fortunately, new trends are happening.

  Lei Wanghong, a lecturer at Central South University who has visited too much for research, said that when the second generation of migrant workers have good earning ability, the interaction with their children is more intensive than the previous generation.

In addition, due to society's attention to left-behind children, more rural families tend to leave young women at home to take care of their children.

  After returning home from Suzhou, Dai Kai worked odd jobs in a toy factory in a neighboring village.

Liulou Township is known as the hometown of toys. This industry that has developed in recent years has attracted many young mothers.

The experimental kindergarten where his daughter Chen Siyuan is studying has formed a business district nearby.

Opposite there are two maternity and baby products stores, each covering an area of ​​100 square meters, and all kinds of infant milk powder and diapers are placed.

Beauty shops and cosmetics shops are also constantly appearing on this street.

  Liu Mingfu has become a rare young man in Wawu Liu Village. Last year, he was introduced by a friend to start an online game equipment business. He could make a good income by keeping a computer and a mobile phone at home.

When he is with his son, he will turn his mobile phone to silent, ride an electric bike, and take his son around.

  Wang Bingbo regretted resigning that year. Before getting married, she worked as the manager of a pharmacy in Zhengzhou. After returning home, she often felt derailed and "relatively confused."

But to make a choice, she was resolute enough, "It's too pitiful to leave the child at home."

  She is also worried about the "father's love" link. Her husband is too far away in Xinjiang.

She shared parenting articles with her husband in time on weekdays, "learn more and tell your children."

  Pan Lu said that the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy and the policy support for rural youths to return to their hometowns to start businesses are reversing the structure and trend of urban and rural population mobility. Although the pace of this process is slow, it has shown a new generation of migrant workers to re-emerge in the countryside. And possibility.

"The return of young migrant workers is not only a response to the transformation of the urban and rural economy, but also of great significance to the reproduction of the rural population, families and even rural society." Pan Lu said.

  "Next year, he won't be allowed to go to work that far away." Wang Bingbo said. The two rented a house in the county town and found a stable job. They could accompany their sons and daughters after get off work, and the family would go to the park on weekends.

This is her ideal life scene.

  The year before last, Liu Yue's father stopped going out to work, and helped take care of the children in the kindergarten.

After school, my father rode his mother on an electric tricycle, and Liu Yue pushed his daughter. This is the company the family had never had before.

  At the end of summer, the air still smelled of burnt stalks, the night was studded with stars, and insects crowed again and again.

Liu Yue sometimes drank a pot of tea with his father, and his daughter Tian Ye adjusted by the side, which became a line of communication between father and daughter.

  "We must let him come back this year to find a job." She said.

  Beijing News reporter Wang Jun and co-reporter Jing Ruyue