On April 29, the third phase of the archaeological excavation results briefing at the Jiangkou Battlefield Site (Jiangkou Shenyin Site) in Pengshan District, Meishan City, Sichuan Province was held at the archaeological site of Jiangkou Town, Pengshan. The reporter learned from the meeting that from January to April this year, the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Pengshan District Cultural Relics Administration of Meishan City carried out the third archaeological excavation of the Jiangkou Battlefield site in the late Ming Dynasty. More than 10,000 water cultural relics were excavated in this period Among them, there are about 2,000 important cultural relics, the most important of which is the discovery of the Shizi Jinbao physical object "Shu Shizibao" for the first time in China.
The Jiangyin Shenyin site on the Minjiang River in Pengshan District, Meishan City is about 60 kilometers north of Chengdu. In 1646, the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, Zhang Xianzhong, headed from Chengdu and moved south along the Minjiang River to the Pengshan River Mouth section. He was attacked by Yang Zhan, a ship was burned, and a lot of property was sunk on the bottom of the river. Since then, the legend about Zhang Xianzhong's "Jiangkou Shen Yin" will continue to flourish.
"A legend that has been circulating in the folk for many years just restores the original appearance of history under our hands." Said Liu Zhiyan, director of the Science and Technology Archaeology Center of the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and leader of the Jiangkou Project. A total of 50,000 water relics were excavated in the third phase of archaeology. For the rest, they not only unveiled the tales of Zhang Xianzhong and the "Jiangkou Shen Yin" legend, but also vividly displayed the economic, political, cultural, social, and military environments of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties in front of today's people.
1. The broken "Shu Shizi Treasure": or symbolize Zhang Xianzhong's destruction of the old regime
"The most important thing in this excavation was the discovery of a gold seal, a square printing pad, a turtle-shaped seal, and the word" Shu Shi Zi Bao "cast on the printed surface." Liu Zhiyan said, "Shu Shi Zi Bao" was the first time that Shi Shi Jinbao was discovered in China. It is also the only one at present.
The side of the ink pad is 10 cm long, 3 cm thick, weighs more than ten pounds, and its gold content is as high as 95%. The square printing pad and the turtle-shaped printing button are printed with the characters "Shu Shizi Bao". The seal has been broken into 4 pieces, and the turtle-shaped head has not been found.
According to historical records, the prince sealed the prince, the eldest son of the prince, aged ten and ten years old, was established as the king. Liu Zhiyan said, the word "Shu" proves that this golden seal was originally the property of the Ming Dynasty. From the printed text, it can be seen that the golden seal was owned by the sons of the Shu kings in the Ming Dynasty. Treasure.
Previously, archaeologists conducted two archaeological excavations in 2017 and 2018, and unearthed more than 30,000 cultural relics and more than 12,000 cultural relics. The first two phases of archaeology not only proved Zhang Xianzhong's "Jiangkou Shenyin" legend, but also found a piece of "Shu Jinbao" gold seal.
"Shu Shizi Bao", "Shu King Jinbao" and the tiger seal "Yongchang Grand Marshal" gold seal that was stolen and recovered by the public security are the most important unearthed cultural relics in the Shenyin site of Jiangkou. The Huyin "Marshal Yongchang" golden seal is the core relic of Zhang Xianzhong's shipwreck relics, which is extremely critical to verify the nature of the shipwreck relics; "Shu Jinbao" and "Shu Shizibao" are the most important heirlooms of the Shu Kingdom.
When "Shu Shi Zi Bao" was unearthed, it had been broken into 4 pieces. Experts said that from the point of view of damage, it should be man-made destruction, "This kind of destruction is most likely caused by Zhang Xianzhong, which symbolizes the destruction and subversion of the old regime, or it may be that Zhang Xianzhong directly ransacked his wealth from the Kingdom of Shu for direct portability. Break it into pieces. "
2. "Daxi" silver ingot: outline the region ruled by Zhang Xianzhong's "regime"
A large number of silver ingots have been unearthed in the three excavations, which has become a common sight. However, during the excavation, when the archaeological staff cleaned up the sediment on the silver ingot, they found more than a dozen official silvers with two sizes of 50. According to the text engraved on the silver ingots, it can be judged that they belong to Zhang Xianzhong's "Great Western Regime".
"The official silvers unearthed this year can fill the gaps in the two previous excavations in terms of region and tax." Liu Zhiyan said that this excavation found that the Lexi, Renshou, Leshan, Deyang, Guanghan and other places belonged to the "Great Western Regime" Silver ingots are of great significance to the study of the fiscal system of the "Great Western Regime" and the ruling areas.
Among the silver ingots unearthed this time, there are also official silver inscribed with the words "Fujian". Experts believe that this does not mean that Zhang Xianzhong has been to Fujian. At present, no document has been found that Zhang Xianzhong has been to Fujian. It is speculated that this may be a disaster in other places. The silver ingot transferred from Beijing may also be robbed by Zhang Xianzhong during the escort process.
Following the discovery of firecrackers in the previous year ’s excavations, this year ’s unearthed lead pellets of different specifications were unearthed. This is another proof of the nature of the site as an ancient battlefield site.
In addition, a large number of gold and silver containers, gold and silver clothing and gold and silver jewelry were also discovered, which provided precious new materials for studying the craftsmanship, clothing system and aesthetic appeal of the Ming Dynasty. Experts believe that a large number of ornaments made of gold and silver, such as gold rings, gold bracelets, gold hairpins, silver hairpins, and silver locks, which have been excavated from water three times, are rich and luxurious, and have exquisite workmanship.
3. Planning the Jiangkou Shenyin Museum: Maintain the authenticity and sense of presence of cultural relics
After three underwater archaeological excavations, the archaeologists not only excavated more than 50,000 cultural relics, but also had a deeper understanding of the distribution law of the cultural relics at the Shenyin site in Jiangkou.
Liu Zhiyan said, first of all, during the excavation process, experts confirmed that the distribution of cultural relics and the fluctuating state of the riverbed in the site are directly related to the local microstructure of the bedrock and the location of the channel. Secondly, the experts also found signs of cultural relics buried in situ, and found many silver ingots, gold ingots and gold nuggets embedded in the rock on the bedrock river bed. The place where the war takes place is close to the place where the war takes place.
In addition, the archaeologists also discovered the centralized distribution of cultural relics of the same attribute, such as the centralized distribution area of goldware and silver ingots, which may indicate that there were separate ships and boxes for the carriage of goods at that time. . This has a certain enlightening effect on understanding the situation before Zhang Xianzhong's evacuation from Chengdu. It can be speculated that he did not panic when he evacuated, and made a relatively full preparation.
According to reports, there are many cultural relics out of the water, and there has been substantial progress in the protection and utilization of the work-Jiangkou Shenyin Museum will be built by the end of this year, and the construction period is expected to be about 3 years. Before the museum is built, some precious cultural relics will continue to be exhibited in the country.
According to the planning and design plan, Jiangkou Shenyin Museum is positioned as a first-class museum with a size of not less than 25,000 square meters, a site park area of not less than 200 acres, and a total investment of not less than 500 million yuan. The site of the museum is located close to the core area of the site, at the confluence of the Minjiang River and the Fuhe River.
"Thinking in this way, you can maintain the authenticity and sense of presence of the cultural relics and highlight the mysterious sense of 'Jiangkou Shenyin'. Mountains, water, pavilions, and ruins are naturally blended here, as if you can cross time and space and talk with history. "Guo Hong, head of Pengshan District, said.
(Our newspaper Meishan, April 29th, our reporter Li Xiaodong, Zhou Hongshuang)