Eight flags "welfare room", white deeds and red deeds, "into three breaks two" pull house fiber
Those things in the history of Beijing
Zhang Rugang
Zhu Xiaoping
The TV series "An Jia" has attracted widespread attention in housing transactions and real estate agencies. In fact, housing transactions have existed since ancient times. As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, real estate transactions have appeared. Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing also have government-registered deed management systems. Especially in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, there are many stories of real estate transactions. The "La Fang Xian'er" line is rather gray. "Beijing Economic History Information" lists the chambers of commerce and guilds of various industries without any records. But in fact, this line has a long history, like the sale of large houses in "An Jia". In the late Qing and early Republic, the middlemen were often as high as dozens or even hundreds.
The Eight Banners Welfare House cannot be sold
After the entry into the customs, the public housing system was implemented. The Hancheng housing in the inner city was forcibly acquired and moved to the outer city. The residences of the Xun and Qi residences in the Ming Dynasty were all confiscated and occupied the northwest suburbs. In the Qing Dynasty, the princes lived in high-end houses according to their ranks. Baqi officials and soldiers were allocated houses free of charge according to their ranks, with five grades to one grade, the standard was seven, ten, twelve, fifteen, twenty, and eight grades to six grades were three There are four rooms, nine rooms and two rooms of no grade. The property right belongs to the court, and it is forbidden to buy or sell, and it is strictly forbidden to buy Han houses by the banner people. For private houses of Han Chinese in foreign cities, the Hans are allowed to buy and sell, rent, and the management agency collects deed tax.
The Eight Banners and their families move in according to the prescribed directions. They are divided into twenty-four garrison areas within the eight gates of Anding, Desheng, Dongzhi, Chaoyang, Xizhi, Fucheng, Chongwen, and Xuanwu. Assigned to settle in. Such as the old house of the writer Lao She, that is, the red flag stationed inside the Xizhimen station. You cannot move out of the area where the Qi nationality is located when you are promoted or transferred. The Qi people who go to work abroad keep the inner city housing to ensure that the retired natives have a room to live.
Later, the population of the Eight Banners increased, and in the Kangxi period, 16,000 houses were built outside the city in the direction of the Eight Banners, 2,000 per flag. Funded by the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Beijing's famous four manufacturers, Xing, Long, Guang, and Feng, undertook construction, and the housing style began to be neat and orderly. For example, the outside firearm barracks are all north-south and south-facing. There are courtyards on the front and back, tiling blue bricks, floor tiles in the house, and tiger skins produced in the courtyard walls. In the northwest suburbs, the outer three camps, the Yuanmingyuan Guarding Army Camp, Jianrui Camp, and Firearm Camp, each of which has its own unique characteristics, has become a residential area with both the barracks and family living functions in the local area.
These welfare rooms are called "official houses" and are managed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Eight Banners. The Prince's Mansion is managed by the Clan House. Except for the hereditary Iron Hat King, who can live permanently, other sub-princes should be subordinated to Bezi, Baylor, County King, Prince, and descendants after death. The various prefectures have detailed regulations on building materials, carved ornaments, whitewashing colors, house hall regulations, and door nails down to the gate. This kind of prefectures are spread all over the inner city, as well as princesses' palaces, foreigner's palaces, etc. However, the prefecture is not only increasing, but if the lord is taken away, the prefecture will be taken back by the clan house and allocated separately.
Banner people renting and selling public housing
Banner people's houses are not "hardcore crops". If they are expelled or lose their flag, the public houses will be taken back. Jiangning Weaving Cao Fu was dismissed after he was robbed, and he also left 17 and a half public houses at the entrance of garlic city for a family to live in. However, Cao Xueqin lost the nationality of Zhengbaiqi and could not enjoy public housing treatment.
The number of Qi people is increasing, and the housing is becoming more and more tense. There were less than 200,000 public and private houses confiscated and acquired in the early years of Shunzhi, which was already insufficient for distribution. As a result, from the middle of Kangxi, the Hanqi Banner among the Eight Banners was promulgated to live in the outer city. As soon as this was opened, the poor flagmen rented out, pawned public houses or even sold houses, and most of them did not get tax deeds approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other institutions, and the buyers and sellers traded in private. By the Qianlong period, vacant public housing discounts had been sold to those who did not have a house due to separation and other reasons, and installment payments were allowed, with half of the down payment for the purchase of the house and paid off in eight years. After Jiaqing ascended the throne, the house-buying system was fixed. After half of the down payment, it could be paid in four to seven years according to the amount of the house payment.
During the Daoguang period, the financial situation was no longer able to bear the huge expenditure of the Qi people. The court was again forced to "allow the Qi people to make a living", abandon the state property of public housing and the system that the Qi people must live in the city and the Han people must live outside the city. Han people buy and sell houses, but they must pay deed tax.
After the Revolution of 1911, most of the Qi people had rented houses. The imperial court was unable to pay the annual salary, and the "Clear Room Preferential Treatment Conditions" of the government of the Republic of China made it more difficult for the prince's life guarantee to be implemented. With the consent of the Empress Dowager Longyu, the Prince's Mansion can rent and sell it by itself. Almost all the Princes who have eaten in the mountains have rented out and sold the Mansion. For example, Shuncheng County King's Mansion, in the early years of the Republic of China, mortgaged the deed to the Oriental Credit Union Bank opened by the French, and was later occupied by Zhang Zuolin as the Grand Marshal's House. King's house. In the early 1950s, the government bought back from Zhang Xueliang's relatives and became the office of the CPPCC National Committee.
The former title deed does not write the buyer's name
Since ancient times, the sale of houses has had a certificate of title deed, called "government deed", that is, a fixed form of deed issued by the original government, fill in the owner's name, address, area, number of rooms and so on. Signing a "draft" when repurchasing is equivalent to a sales contract. Regardless of the number of homeowners, the deeds will be the real estate certificates. Generally, there is only one copy of the draft deed, and most of them only have the names of the sellers, middlemen, or dealers, and no buyer ’s name. Only after the Republic of China began to write the buyer ’s name. From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, the format of the title deed did not change much. The seller ’s name, house address, type, area, number of rooms, old and new, etc., the name of the middle person, and the buyer ’s surname, house transaction, and transaction price were often written. The last is the signature of the seller, the middleman, and the dealer. Most of the buyers do not sign the date.
From the beginning of the Song dynasty, official agencies filed housing transactions. Without the record, they were called "draft deeds", commonly known as "white deeds", and those who had filed were called "official deeds", commonly known as "red deeds". The formal steps are: the official provides the official contract text to sign, verify the white deed, then pay the deed tax, paste the "deed tail" (official recognition logo), and finally seal the official seal. The red deed is kept by the buyer. But in fact, there are not many people who actually handle red deeds, because the deed tax is very high, the procedures are cumbersome, and the yamen office needs to be managed, asking for gifts, so many buyers have saved the filing procedures. But without the record, Bai Qi does not have the buyer's name. Once lost, it will cause great trouble to the property rights holder.
"Slim hands" buyers and sellers eat at both ends
Regardless of whether the sale or purchase of a house is recorded or not, someone needs to say something in the middle. The business of "la house and slender child" came into being. They ate exclusively for buyers and sellers and gathered in teahouses every morning to listen to information. "The old people call it running fiber", also known as "slim hand".
The slender hands are clever, well-spoken and able to speak. This industry is fiercely competitive, and it is common to use each other, dismantle Taiwan, and fight each other. Some of the examples in "Settle Home" are not lacking in the shadows of the former, such as "prying orders". However, in the past, only one or two people received commissions, usually at least three or seven to seven or eight people.
It's not easy to hold hands with slim hands. "Ten slims are nine empty. It's not easy to get one." The commission for slim hands is still considerable. From the Qing Dynasty to the 1950s, the commission was 3% for house buyers and 2% for house sellers. No matter how many people participate, the commission is divided according to labor.
Generally, the contract is paid at the restaurant, and the seller writes "sell the word" (selling instructions), and at the same time, hand over the deed and house drawings to the buyer. Buyers write "reverse words" (purchasing instructions), specify the house delivery procedures, and ensure that the remaining balance is paid as scheduled. The text is usually written by a single person, while the slender hand is used as a mediator to draw and stamp a private seal on the "words" of both parties. Buyers and sellers immediately pay commissions. The last procedure is the banquet, which is mostly fixed as "pig-like" or "flower-like nine". According to the "Beiping Guide" published in the 1930s, the slender hand "has no right job in this element," but "it is more appropriate than the one who bought the house."
The installment payment for buying a house in the Qing Dynasty was only a concession for the banner people in the court. In Beijing after the Republic of China, the purchase of a house generally required a one-time payment. At that time, house prices were not high, and a one-time payment could limit the volume of real estate transactions. In the 1930s, Shanghai began to pledge to pay off the remaining balance, that is, to mortgage the deed to Qianzhuang, and Qianzhuang to pay the rest.
Further reading
Celebrities have a record of buying a house
Ordinary people buy and sell houses, only deeds, but no process. And celebrities buy a house, or have a diary, or someone recalls the text, so that today's people can see the transaction process, is a precious historical material of the real estate industry.
If Mr. Lu Xun buys a house, it seems that he hasn't gone through his hands. According to "Lu Xun's Diary", he spent about half a year, from February 1919, Qi Shoushan, Lin Lusheng, Xu Jixuan, Zhang Xiehe and other places to see the house, including Baozi Street, Blacksmith Hutong, Guangning Bo Street , Picai Hutong, Jiangzhaikou, Huguosi Temple, etc., about ten places, and finally see a place in Badao Bay. On August 19, he received the "Guangheju Deed of Deed, and first paid Jianquan (money) 1,750 yuan and Zhongbaoquan 175 yuan". Although Lu Xun did n’t find a slender man, it ’s not legal to have a guarantor, so it ’s illegal to ask a friend to have a guarantor and pay a commission. Li Dasan, Regent Wang Zaifeng's housekeeper Zhang Binfang and Belle Zaitao).
Two or three months later, the house was handed over and the full payment was paid twice. Lu Xun recorded legal procedures several times in his diary, went to the municipal and taxation departments to "check new deeds", "obtain a house purchase voucher and drawings, stick together one piece", "pay house tax", "take official deed". After the formalities are completed, the property rights really belong to the buyer. The house price in Badao Bay is 3,500 silver dollars, and the three gates in the west of the palace gate are 800 silver dollars (45 yuan in tax).
When the writer Liu Shaotang was alive, I used to go to his bright Hutong home. This is a courtyard with nine rooms, but it is not a standard courtyard. He bought it for RMB 2,400 in the 1950s. Today this yard is worth a lot, and Mr. Liu donated it to the public before his death. Like the private house at the gate of the palace purchased by Lu Xun, his wife Xu Guangping later donated it to the country, which is now the location of the Lu Xun Museum.
Generally speaking, both the buyers and sellers and the mediators are happy, but tragedies have occurred. Although Xu Zhimo was a professor at the time, his wife Lu Xiaoman often spent money to make ends meet. Mr. Jiang Baili (father of Qian Xuesen) wants to sell the ocean house for 100,000 yuan. He kindly invites Xu Zhimo to come to Shanghai. When the lawyer notarizes, he signs as an introducer and takes 5,000 oceans. After finishing things, Xu Zhimo was anxious to return to Beijing and took a small postal plane. Unexpectedly, the accident caused all friends to sigh!
There are periods when buying and selling houses can be discounted. For example, Wang Lengzhai, the mayor of Wanping County during the "July 7 Incident", won the Anti-Japanese War to testify at the Tokyo International Tribunal. He is in the new large courtyard of Nanchang Street, with six west houses on the street, two outer courtyards, and two east and west courtyards, each with three east, three west and north houses. After liberation, it was acquired by the public as a dormitory, and the price was 1,650 pieces of "Green Sunshine" cloth. The price was unstable at that time, so it was priced in cloth. According to Mr. Deng Yunxiang, who is familiar with the old Beijing housing market, these cloths are worth over ten thousand yuan in silver dollars.