The executive meeting of the State Council held on June 22 pointed out that this year's summer grain wheat production increase and bumper harvest is a foregone conclusion, and the quality is better than normal.
Looking back at this year's "Three Summers" production, this bumper harvest is not easy.
Last year, many parts of the country encountered a rare autumn flood, the wheat sowing date was delayed, the proportion of weak seedlings sown late was high, and field management was difficult.
How to stabilize summer grain production?
How to solve the problem?
Do you have the confidence to ensure a good harvest?
Economic Daily reporters came to Shandong, a major grain-growing province, to find answers during the summer harvest.
It's another year of wheat harvest, and the full wheat ears in the fields are connected into pieces of golden yellow; the combine harvesters that shuttle by the road are rumbling; the busy farmers on the field ridges sweat like rain and smiles... Farmers say "Xiafeng is stable throughout the year." , summer apology is tight throughout the year", which shows the importance of summer grain in food production throughout the year.
Shandong's total grain output has been stable at more than 100 billion catties for 8 consecutive years, and will exceed 110 billion catties in 2021.
In the midsummer of June, Shandong's "Three Summers" production work was carried out in an orderly manner from south to north and from west to east.
In the early stage, it has experienced tests such as late sowing in the autumn flood season and weak seedling situation. What efforts has Shandong made to stabilize and produce high yields?
Can this year's summer grain production continue to increase?
Can farmers make money from growing summer grain?
The reporter went deep into the fields and made field visits.
Protect farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain
The 100 mu of wheat contracted by Jia Xibin, a major grain grower who lives in Sucun Town, Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, had a bumper harvest this year.
In the wheat field, only the rumbling of the machine was heard, which was very lively.
The reporter saw the harvester shuttle across the wheat field, and transport trucks loaded with golden grains of wheat drove into the distance.
Standing on the ground, Jia Xibin pointed his finger at the reporter and calculated an account: the land contract fee is 400 to 500 yuan a year for one mu of land, and one mu of land requires 20 catties of wheat seeds, and the cost is calculated as 30 yuan, and fertilization is applied at least twice a year. It takes 200 yuan, plus 160 yuan for sowing and harvesting... The cost of one mu of land is about 900 yuan.
This year's good plots can receive 900 catties of wheat, almost 600 to 700 catties.
The market situation is relatively good, one pound can be sold for 1.5 to 1.6 yuan, and the state also provides wheat subsidies to grain farmers. These lands can earn tens of thousands of yuan, plus the next crop of corn, the net profit per mu of land can be reach more than 1200 yuan.
How to manage 100 mu of wheat?
Jia Xibin said: "There are seeders for sowing, medicinal drones, and harvesters for harvesting. From planting to harvesting, all machinery is used, which is very labor-saving." Lou Minglian, who is also a major grain grower, has planted more than 160 acres of wheat this year, and has The difference for Jia Xibin is that she has her own agricultural industrial park, equipped with all kinds of agricultural machinery, and the industrial park can also be used as a breeding base for fine seeds while growing wheat.
Talking about this year's harvest, Lou Minglian is also full of confidence: "This year's income per mu of land is 200 to 300 yuan more than last year, and now all the wheat has been put into storage. I plan to continue to increase the planting area next year, using improved wheat seeds and expanding mechanization. Further refined management will bring the yield per mu to a new level."
The Jinrun family planting farm of Diao Jianjun, Diaozhuang Village, Xinhua Road Street, Linqing City, Shandong Province, is the largest planting farm in the area.
For more than ten years, Diao Jianjun has been growing wheat seeds and selling them to seed companies after harvesting them, which is 0.15 yuan more per catty than ordinary wheat.
Diao Jianjun introduced: "The planting area of wheat is 360 mu. Calculated at 1,300 catties per mu, the seeds are sold for 1.65 cents per catty, with a total gross income of more than 720,000 yuan and a net profit of nearly 300,000 yuan. Considering that there is still corn in autumn, The net profit is about 800 yuan per mu, and it can be sold for more than 280,000 yuan at the current price, so the annual net profit can reach more than 580,000 yuan."
Diao Jianjun told reporters that his method is to "speak science step by step" in order to ensure a stable and high yield of wheat.
Select the lodging-resistant Taimai No. 198.
When sowing, the soil is first tested, and there are as many as 20 test points in a small field; then the fertilizer is scientifically arranged, and the seeds are preferably treated.
A wind and rain this spring affected a lot of wheat, and the wheat he planted was not damaged.
It can be seen from the farmers' "small account book" that whether they make money or not is directly related to the farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain, and it is also directly related to the stable grain production.
As a major grain-producing province, Shandong has accelerated and improved the long-term mechanism for food security, and fully mobilized the enthusiasm of the masses to grow grain.
In 2021, Shandong will implement a reward of 2.67 billion yuan for large grain (oil)-producing counties, implement a subsidy of 7.778 billion yuan for the protection of arable land, and issue a one-time subsidy of 1.535 billion yuan to farmers who actually grow grain.
Good seeds and recipes help high yields
"Removing moisture and impurities and converting it into standard moisture content, the actual yield per mu is 801.72 kg, setting a new record for the per-unit yield of super-strong gluten wheat in the country." On June 9, at the actual inspection site of Jimai 44, a super-strong gluten wheat in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province , said Huang Chengyan, deputy head of the wheat branch of the Shandong Agricultural Expert Advisory Group.
A bumper harvest and high yield requires not only improved seeds, but also scientific and efficient farmland management measures.
In recent years, Tengzhou has basically achieved full coverage of high-standard farmland.
"According to the actual production and testing, we have 11 plots in 7 townships that have broken the record of 800 kilograms per mu." said Chen Weitai, director of the Tengzhou Agriculture and Rural Bureau.
According to preliminary calculations, the average unit yield of Tengzhou is expected to reach more than 600 kilograms this year, the average wheat yield per mu will increase by more than 40 kilograms, and the total output is expected to increase by nearly 30,000 tons.
"At present, the variety we cultivate is Xinmai 818, which has the characteristics of lodging resistance and high yield. Compared with other varieties, Xinmai 818 matures slightly later, but the average production capacity per mu has increased by about 200 catties." Liu Mingguo, head of the Baisha Village Wheat Breeding Base, said.
In recent years, Xintai Branch of Tai’an Shannong Seed Industry Technology Development Co., Ltd., where Liu Mingguo is located, has developed wheat breeding industry by transferring land in Xiaobaisha Village. Scientific research institutions provide seeds and technologies. Xiaobaisha Village is responsible for field management, from sowing to management. Adopt the management supporting technology of good seed and good law.
"Our wheat breeding capacity per mu has reached 1,300 to 1,500 catties, and the recycling price is 10% higher than the market price. This alone can increase the collective income of the village by 50,000 to 60,000 yuan." Xiaobaisha Village, Xizhangzhuang Town, Xintai City Party branch secretary Fan Qingguo said.
At present, Liu Mingguo has developed the breeding industry through the management system of 7 administrative villages including Xiaobaisha Village. It produces 1,200 tons of wheat varieties and 1,300 tons of corn varieties each year, all of which have obtained the national pollution-free certification, of which more than 300,000 kilograms are produced every year. Wheat seeds will be sown on the land of Xintai City.
On June 11, Wei Dedong, head of Fumin Farm in Linyi County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province, stands next to a golden wheat field.
Looking around, there are 32 wheat variety display cards inserted in the plots of different varieties.
"Improved wheat seeds are one of the key elements for a bumper summer grain harvest. Without improved seeds, it is difficult to improve the quality and yield of wheat no matter how good the equipment and technology are. We compare the growth, characteristics, disease resistance, yield, etc. Good varieties suitable for local cultivation." Wei Dedong said.
"I signed an order with a seed industry company. They provide seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery. The technicians guide the whole process and recycle them uniformly. The recycling price is 0.1 yuan higher than the market price. I think this model is very worry-free." On June 9, Dacao Town, Ningjin County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province harvested more than 400 mu of wheat in Wang Guofeng, a major grain grower. These wheats were all fine seeds bred for Defa Seed Industry Co., Ltd. according to the order.
In Ningjin County, there are more than 30,000 farmers like Wang Guofeng who have benefited from the order planting model.
Ningjin County is a national-level wheat seed production county. It has 8 high-quality seed breeding companies, and has developed and promoted 46 wheat and corn varieties with independent intellectual property rights.
Relying on the advantages of improved varieties, the county vigorously develops the "company + base + farmers" order planting model. The area of wheat breeding bases reaches 100,000 mu, driving more than 30,000 farmers to increase their incomes.
The annual planting area of wheat in Shandong is about 60 million mu, and the continuous increase in grain production mainly depends on increasing the yield per unit.
By 2025, the planting area of high-quality special wheat in Shandong will reach 30 million mu, including 12 million mu of strong gluten wheat.
"In the next step, we will continue to promote key technical measures such as unified seed supply, 'one spray and three prevention' of wheat, and unified control of pests and diseases, so as to continuously tap the potential per unit yield." said Chi Fang, director of the Plantation Management Division of the Shandong Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.
The saline-alkali land was improved to Miliangchuan
The saline-alkali land was once called the "terminal disease" of the land, and the land salt content of 6‰ to 8‰ is the severe saline-alkali land.
Overcoming this problem is of great help in ensuring stable and increased grain production.
Shandong's grain-producing areas have made efforts to improve saline-alkali land in recent years, and they have seen results in this summer's harvest.
On the morning of June 11, in the 50-mu saline-alkali land improvement test wheat field of Wang Yanling, a large grain grower in Wu'anzhuang Village, Xinshengdian Town, Xiajin County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province, with the roar of two harvesters, the fragrance of wheat mixed with straw came to the nostrils. .
This year's average yield per mu has reached 1,156.04 jin. From germination, tillering, jointing, ear opening to harvesting, every stage of wheat is beyond Wang Yanling's expectations.
"Unlike common wheat fields, this piece of land has a relatively high degree of salinization, and it 'whitens' when it rains," said Wang Yanling, who has been contracting the land for 9 years, and the yield of wheat per mu has never reached a kilogram before.
Located in Xiajin County in the northwest of Shandong, saline-alkali land accounts for about 20% of the cultivated land.
Xinshengdian Town is an area with relatively serious land salinization in Xiajin County. Wang Yanling's 50 mu of land has taken advantage of this soil improvement.
"When I first transferred this land in 2013, when it was dry, it was hard, and after watering, I planted white flowers, and I planted one crop for another crop. The yield of wheat per mu was less than 400 kilograms." Wang Yanling said that relying on farming experience, he changed the water and deep water by himself. Deep plowing and application of organic fertilizers to improve the soil... Nearly 300,000 yuan was invested before and after, and the wheat yield increased year by year. The average yield per mu last year reached 800 catties. Wang Yanling said: "If you want to increase the yield, you can't use my soil method. Yes, let the experts figure out a way."
Before planting last autumn, the team of experts from the demonstration project of soil improvement technology for the production capacity building of "tons and half of grains" in Xiajin County started the experiment of "improving land and increasing grains" on 50 mu of saline-alkali land in Wangyanling: using ETS composite microbial soil improvement technology to restore land ecology System functions.
After nearly a year of reclamation, this former saline-alkali land has not only enhanced its soil fertility through improvement, but is also gradually becoming an integrated water and fertilizer integrated sprinkler irrigation system with the help of the county's unified implementation of the "Field, Water, Road, Forest, Electricity and Technology Management" comprehensive facilities and construction of an integrated sprinkler irrigation system. High-standard farmland with "Tian Chengfang, Road forming a frame, Canal forming a network".
"Next year, I will expand another 100 acres for soil improvement." Wang Yanling is more determined.
Under the blue sky, golden wheat ears are swaying in the wind in the 3,000-mu wheat field in the first phase of the high-standard farmland demonstration zone for radical saline-alkali improvement and ecological construction in Kenli District, Dongying City, Shandong Province.
"These low-yield fields have been improved since May last year. The soil salinity has dropped from 16‰ to below 3‰, and the estimated wheat yield has reached more than 700 kilograms." On June 10, I heard the appraisal results of the experts on site. , Gai Junshan, chairman of Shandong Qianshun Soil and Water Treatment Technology Co., Ltd., completely let go of his hanging heart.
"It turned out that these fields have not been harvested for nine years in ten years. Now, through improvement and management, the income of the wheat planted has increased by 980 yuan per mu. After the wheat is harvested, a crop of corn will be planted, and the annual increase will be even more impressive." Zhaowu Village, Kenli Street, Kenli District Party branch secretary Wang Hongguang said.
In Kenli, the area of saline-alkali land reaches 645,000 mu, accounting for 79.5% of the total cultivated area in Kenli District. Many saline-alkali land has a salt content of more than 10‰, and the salinity rate varies greatly between blocks, making it difficult to improve.
Kenli District has been exploring the development and utilization potential of saline-alkali land.
In the past, due to insufficient improvement techniques for saline-alkali land, local farmers generally dug deep ditches and ravines to wash away the salt in the soil through flood irrigation. Some plots even had to press water several times to barely reach the planting conditions.
The ecological disturbance is large and the water cost is high.
In recent years, Kenli District has implemented saline-alkali land improvement projects, and through measures such as land consolidation and talent recruitment, the former saline-alkali flats have been transformed into large granaries in the Yellow River Delta region.
"The 3,000 mu of saline-alkali land, after being improved by the national invention patent technology of independent innovation, has reduced the salt content from the original 16‰ to about 3‰, saving more than 40% of fresh water, and can achieve the goal of not returning to alkali in 60 years. Our The goal is that in two years, all the 10,000 mu of saline-alkali land in the first and second phases of the project will become 'tons of grain'." Gai Junshan said.
According to Wan Shubo, President of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Bohai Rim region currently has more than 40 million mu of mild-to-moderate saline-alkali cultivated land and 9.5 million mu of saline-alkali wasteland.
It is estimated that if the quality of cultivated land in saline-alkali land is improved by 1 to 2 grades, the annual grain output will increase by more than 6 million tons, which is of great significance to ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development in my country.
Grain-saving and loss-reducing pellets are returned to the warehouse
To ensure a high yield and a bumper harvest of summer grains, comprehensive machine harvesting is the foundation, and reducing losses and consumption is the key.
At 9:00 a.m. on June 8th, the competition of wheat machine harvesting and loss reduction skills (Huantai Division) in Zibo City, Shandong kicked off. .
After the harvest, the judges used a sampling steel frame about two meters long and half a meter wide, which was randomly stuck on the ground just harvested. In the wheat field surrounded by the steel frame, the wheat grains in the bran were picked out by the judges one by one. Weighing calculation.
Then, the speed, loss rate and stubble height of each agricultural machine operator are combined to select the loss reduction champion.
As the first "ton of grain county" in Jiangbei, Huantai County's average wheat yield has ranked first in Shandong for 11 consecutive years.
In recent years, Huantai County has vigorously promoted the application of high-performance agricultural machinery, and has taken the lead in the development of high-yield grains and the comprehensive mechanization rate of farming and harvesting.
Harvest, U-turn, turn, unload grain in one go.
The intelligent unmanned harvester shuttles back and forth in the wheat fields in Cuiwa Village, Kongzhen Town, Leling City, Shandong Province, and performs unmanned harvesting operations according to the established route.
Liu Chao, assistant general manager of Weichai Lovol Yitian Network Technology, said that compared with traditional harvesters, unmanned harvesters have the advantages of high intelligence, flexible and diverse working modes, straight travel paths, and small trajectory deviations.
An unmanned harvester can harvest about 15 mu of wheat per hour, which not only improves the accuracy and efficiency of operations, reduces production costs, but also minimizes the loss rate.
"In the past, whoever harvested more wheat than in the shortest time, now loses less. Only by vigorously promoting agricultural mechanization and intelligence, transforming from traditional agriculture to smart agriculture, and using 'smart agricultural machinery + smart agriculture' to farm scientifically In order to increase grain production and income.” Xi Yanjun, director of the Agricultural Machinery Service Center in Leling City, Shandong, introduced that reducing consumption means increasing income, and reducing losses means increasing production. A total of 1,900 harvesters, high-end wheat harvesters, etc. were driven to operate in an orderly manner, 16 emergency service teams for wheat harvesting were established, and 7,000 agricultural machinery of various types were overhauled to ensure that the wheat grains were returned to the warehouse.
This year, 868,000 mu of wheat are planted in Leling City, with an estimated yield of 650 kg per mu. For every 1% drop in machine-harvesting losses, an additional 5.6 million kg of grain can be harvested.
In order to accelerate the promotion of agricultural mechanization, relying on Weichai Lovol and other large agricultural machinery and equipment enterprises, Shandong has developed and innovated a number of key urgently needed and new intelligent grain production machinery and equipment. 60%, 70%.
At the same time, Shandong has also fully implemented the subsidy policy for the purchase of agricultural machinery, giving priority and open subsidies to the mechanized equipment throughout the grain process.
At present, the total power of Shandong agricultural machinery has reached 110 million kWh, and the comprehensive mechanization rate of wheat and corn farming and harvesting has reached 99.6% and 97.2% respectively.
Drying and storage is also a key link after grain harvesting.
According to incomplete statistics, due to factors such as untimely drying, improper drying, and unreasonable storage methods after the grain is harvested, the grains are damaged by insect pests, rodents, mildew, and germination, and the annual loss is about 5%.
The continuous rainy weather last autumn made it difficult to store corn in Qihe County, Dezhou City.
Recently, Qihe County invested 500 million yuan in wheat and corn drying and storage projects, which solved this problem.
On June 9, with the commissioning of 16 drying and storage facilities in 15 towns (streets) in Qihe County, Dezhou City, the first to achieve full coverage of drying and storage facilities in townships.
Dong Yong, deputy director of Qihe County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, said: "The implementation of full coverage of drying and storage facilities in towns and villages is not only to solve the pain of reality, but also to focus on development needs. On the one hand, farmers have urgent needs for drying and storage, especially in the autumn flood season. Season; on the other hand, the coverage of drying and storage facilities in towns and towns is conducive to food security, and it is also conducive to promoting the whole chain of food production to save food and reduce losses.”
Dong Yong told reporters that Qihe County has realized the direct drying and storage of grain from the farmland through the implementation of grain drying, processing, storage, cleaning, and sales services, which can save 7,000 tons of grain every year.
They also innovatively applied the "Internet of Things + intelligent" grain storage technology to achieve "low temperature, low oxygen, and low energy consumption" green management of grain stocks; built an intelligent grain depot measurement and control platform system with high standards to realize warehousing, storage, and delivery, etc. Strict quality control of the whole process, real-time early warning management of temperature, humidity, insect pests, etc., to ensure scientific grain storage and accurate damage reduction.
"Grain drying and warehousing is a weak link in the mechanization of grain production, and the biggest problem is the high investment. The mechanization technology of grain drying requires a complete set of equipment. In addition to the purchase of drying machinery, it also requires cleaning machines, conveyors, etc. For related supporting facilities, the price of dryers alone ranges from several hundred thousand yuan to several million yuan, and the state also subsidizes the purchase of some equipment, but the operating enterprises occupy a large amount of capital in investment, and it will take a long time to recover the cost.” According to Dong Yong, Qihe County estimates that the cost of drying grains per catty is 0.1 yuan. Based on the average yield of wheat and corn in Qihe County of 2,400 catties per mu, the cost of drying grains per mu is more than 200 yuan.
If the high humidity of the grain is considered, the operation cost is higher.
To this end, relevant enterprises suggest that the state can further expand the scope of subsidies for the purchase of dryers and other equipment and increase the subsidy standards.
On the basis of the ceiling subsidies for grain drying machinery stipulated by the central and provincial levels, municipal and county local governments are encouraged to implement secondary purchase subsidies.
"It is recommended to carry out a pilot subsidy for grain drying operations in large grain-producing counties, and subsidize it according to the standard of 0.05 yuan/catties, which can effectively improve the enthusiasm of farmers or new agricultural operators to purchase and use dryers." Dong Yong said.
Our reporter Wang Jinhu