Dismantling the "35-year-old threshold" for employment, raising the threshold for personal taxation, increasing penalties for cyber violence, and raising pensions for parents of only children... During the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress this year, the delegates focused on people's livelihood concerns, and their suggestions and suggestions attracted widespread attention.

In response to these hot topics, the "Strong Observation" column of People's Daily Online recently invited a number of experts to interpret them and launched a series of "Hot Face-to-face" interviews.

  "It is recommended to add 10 to 20 points in the college entrance examination for the third child", "It is recommended to provide affordable housing indicators for families with three children", "It is recommended that male paternity leave be extended to more than 30 days"... During the National Two Sessions this year, many representatives submitted proposals to encourage three Proposals for childbirth have frequently appeared on Weibo hot searches, attracting the attention of netizens.

Why is the three-child birth policy attracting attention?

  According to the data of the seventh national census, the total fertility rate of women of childbearing age in my country in 2020 (the average number of children per woman during childbearing age in this country or region) is 1.3.

  "my country's total fertility rate is currently at a low level." Lu Jiehua, a professor at the Department of Sociology at Peking University and vice president of the Chinese Population Society, said in an interview with People's Daily Online's "Strong Observation" column. However, there is still a gap between expectations and the effect of alleviating the problem of population structure has not been achieved.

  What pressures and burdens will the declining fertility rate bring to society?

Lu Jiehua believes that the decline in fertility rate is accompanied by changes in the age structure, and the impact is comprehensive.

First, there will be negative population growth.

Second, it will lead to increased aging.

Again, the impact on the economy is huge.

Population is the basic, overall, long-term and strategic element of a country's development. A small population or a large number of elderly people will affect economic development.

In particular, the absence of a steady stream of young labor will affect the sustainable development of the economy and technological innovation.

Because technological innovation mainly relies on young people, it is closely related to the age structure.

Finally, from the perspective of national security, population security is as important as political security and economic security.

Because all development revolves around people, the decline of the total population and the aging of the population will affect the long-term stability of the country.

Why is the desire to have children so low?

  This year's government work report pointed out that the supporting measures for the three-child birth policy will be improved, the care expenses of infants and young children under the age of 3 will be included in the special additional deduction of personal income tax, and the development of inclusive childcare services will reduce the burden of family rearing.

In addition, nearly 20 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities including Hebei, Sichuan, and Zhejiang clearly mentioned in the local government work report: perfecting or implementing the three-child birth policy.

  "With the increase of living costs, the improvement of education level, the enrichment of spiritual needs and other reasons, the total fertility rate will further decline." It seems that the focus of the policy should be to encourage more families to have children.

For people of childbearing age, it is the most important to provide corresponding more three-dimensional supporting measures, and to help relieve the worries of people of childbearing age.

She said that although many policies to encourage fertility have been introduced, these policies still need to be improved.

In addition, due to the fierce competition in the workplace, women need to devote more energy and time if they want to be promoted and raised, so they often cannot balance work and family at the same time.

  Lu Jiehua believes that encouraging fertility must address both the symptoms and the symptoms.

"For example, childcare allowances, childcare services, etc. must be kept up, and the supporting measures must be gradual and not jumpy. In addition, more men should be guided and encouraged to take the initiative to undertake housework. During the two sessions this year, a representative committee proposed to increase The length of paternity leave for men, that's all good advice."

How to implement the three-child policy?

  "There are a lot of voices urging marriage around me, and I don't want to fall in love at the moment." Ms. Zhao, a post-85s generation working hard in Beijing, said that she enjoys fitness and shopping alone, and does not need to cater to others, and lives in a cat and drama life at home.

  "Girls like her are not a minority in life, and the phenomenon of late marriage and late childbearing is more common." In response to this situation, Lu Jiehua put forward several suggestions. One is to timely respond to new problems that arise after the implementation of the policy, classify management, and comprehensively The second is to actively change the concept of love, marriage, and fertility, and strengthen family responsibilities; the third is to break the bad habits of high-priced betrothal gifts, rectify vulgar marriage troubles, casual comparisons and other unhealthy practices; Fourth, to ensure the equality of people of childbearing age in employment, Eliminate employment discrimination; fifth, give preferential treatment and incentives such as taxation and financial subsidies to enterprises with a certain percentage of female employees.

  "People are reluctant to give birth now, most of which are affected by the cost of childbirth in various aspects." Yang Fan said that after childbirth, more pressure comes from education, medical care, housing, etc. Childbirth is a systematic project of the whole society. It is not only necessary to cooperate with all departments to jointly promote and optimize the fertility policy, but also to mobilize social forces extensively to give full play to the role of mass organizations and social organizations.