The "14th Five-Year Plan" and the 2035 long-term goal outline proposed that the focus of economic development should be on the real economy, speeding up the construction of a strong manufacturing country and a strong quality country, and promoting the deep integration of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries.

The integration of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries is an important way to adapt to the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, enhance the core competitiveness of the manufacturing industry, cultivate a modern industrial system, and achieve high-quality development.

  The manufacturing industry is the mainstay of the national economy. The Central Economic Work Conference in 2021 emphasized the need to enhance the core competitiveness of the manufacturing industry.

In the context of the impact of the epidemic and the deep reconstruction of the global industrial chain, it is urgent to further boost the strength of the industrial economy and promote the healthy development of the real economy.

From the perspective of industry rules, affected by multiple factors such as digital technology changes and business model innovations, the cross-border integration of modern industries has become more and more obvious. The prominent manifestation is that in the modern production process, the production and circulation process of the manufacturing industry has increasingly appeared service-oriented elements. With the help of the vertical expansion and horizontal extension of the industrial chain, the service industry is also deeply bound to the manufacturing industry.

This phenomenon of the integration and symbiosis of the manufacturing industry and the service industry is called "the integration of the two industries."

  The service industry is the main force driving the economy

  Industrial integration stems from the constantly evolving process of industrialization.

Due to the difference in profit rates between different industries, the labor force will shift from the primary industry to the secondary industry, and then from the secondary industry to the tertiary industry.

The development of modern industries has led to a decline in the proportion of the primary and secondary industries, while the proportion of the tertiary industry (service industry) has increased accordingly.

From a global perspective, the trend of economic serviceization is very obvious. According to World Bank statistics, the value added of the global service industry accounted for 60.17% of the global gross product (GDP) in 2000, 63.89% in 2009, and rose to 63.89% in 2019. 69.97%.

  The development experience of the world’s major economies has shown that the global economy has increasingly shown the following characteristics: the role of manufacturing and agriculture in stimulating GDP has relatively declined, while the contribution of the service industry to GDP has gradually increased, becoming the main force driving economic growth.

  Under the increasingly refined system of modern industrial division of labor, the service industry is deeply integrated into the production process of other industries, especially the productive service industry with strong professionalism, active innovation, high industrial integration, and significant leading role, which has become the promotion of industrial restructuring. And the main force leading the industry to extend to the high end of the value chain.

  Manufacturing services become the consensus of various countries

  Based on the increasingly common phenomenon of cross-border integration in the manufacturing and service industries, especially R&D and design, third-party logistics, financial leasing, information technology, energy conservation and environmental protection, inspection and certification, e-commerce, business consulting, service outsourcing, after-sales, human resources and Productive service industries such as brand building play an important role in supporting the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. Countries around the world have taken the integration and development of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries as an important policy to promote.

  The United States put forward the concept of "modern manufacturing" as early as the 1990s. Its Advanced Manufacturing Partner (AMP) 2.0 program (2014) is committed to providing "intermediate service" solutions required by the manufacturing industry, including professional technology, supply chain partners, Financing channels, etc.

The United Kingdom, also a developed country, also proposed the "Complex Product System Innovation Center" plan as early as 2006.

The governments of the United States and Britain are trying to promote the service-oriented development of the manufacturing industry by injecting more service elements into the manufacturing industry.

  The EU’s policies to promote the integration of the two industries have obvious continuity. From the “EU Fifth Framework Program (FP5)” (1998), which put forward the concept of “extended products”, to the “FP7 Program” (2007), they all focus on emerging New demands, through the servitization of manufacturing, cope with the increasingly disappearing industrial boundaries.

  In the "Industry 4.0 Plan" (2013), Germany put forward the concept of "Internet + Manufacturing", trying to deeply integrate the Cyber-Physical Fusion System (CPS) with the development of the manufacturing industry to realize the intelligentization of the manufacturing industry.

Through flexible production within the enterprise and horizontal integration between different enterprises, a higher level of interconnection of all things between manufacturers, consumers and logistics systems will be realized, further reshaping the competitive advantages of German manufacturing and leading the formulation of new global manufacturing rules.

The essence of the German Industry 4.0 plan is to promote the modernization and transformation of the manufacturing industry through continuous integration of service elements.

  These traditional manufacturing powerhouses are aware of the huge role of the integrated development of manufacturing and service industries, and actively promote their deep integration in order to maintain the competitiveness of their manufacturing industries under the new production organization.

  Preliminary emergence of multi-morphic fusion mode

  In order to boost the international competitiveness of the manufacturing industry, it has gradually become the consensus of our society to promote the integrated development of manufacturing and service industries.

In 2017, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Service Industry Innovation Development Outline (2017-2025)", which clearly stated that it is necessary to promote the expansion of services to manufacturing, build a service manufacturing integration platform, and strengthen the service industry to support the entire industry chain of advanced manufacturing.

In 2019, the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Deeply Integrated Development of Advanced Manufacturing and Modern Service Industries" proposed to cultivate new business models and models for integrated development, and explore new paths for integrated development of key industries and key areas.

In 2020, the "Guiding Opinions of the Fifteen Departments on Further Promoting the Development of Service-oriented Manufacturing" once again clarified that it is necessary to actively use the new generation of information technology such as the Industrial Internet to empower new manufacturing, spawn new services, and promote the deep integration of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries. .

  In the practice of promoting the integrated development of manufacturing and service industries, my country has explored a multi-form integration model from manufacturing service outsourcing to the extension of service industry to manufacturing.

Especially after the rise of digital technology, a brand-new way of production organization emerged: the electronics manufacturing service industry.

The essence of this production model is the integration of manufacturing and service industries driven by digital technology.

For example, from 2016 to 2021, Sany Heavy Industry has successively launched a series of digital systems such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Sany Customer Cloud, and Smart Service System, which can perceive the operating status of equipment in real time, quickly respond to customer needs, and become a global manufacturing industry. "Lighthouse Factory".

In addition to the model of efficient extension from traditional manufacturing to the service industry, there are also service companies that use digital technology to achieve extension to the manufacturing industry.

The "Customer Direct Manufacturing (C2M) Smart Factory" proposed by the e-commerce company Jingdong Group uses artificial intelligence, 5G, the Internet of Things and cloud computing to quickly transmit the personalized and diversified needs of consumers to the production end, and determine production according to demand , Improve the efficiency of resource allocation in production, consumption and circulation links.

  On the whole, under the modern industrial organization system where the service industry occupies a relatively dominant position, promote the transformation of production methods to flexible, intelligent, and refined, help the manufacturing industry to transform from production-oriented to production-service-oriented, and guide manufacturing enterprises to extend the service chain, Promoting value-added services is not only an important realization path to promote the development of manufacturing to high-end, smart, green, and service directions, and to cultivate new competitive advantages in the manufacturing industry, but also an effective means to effectively prevent the potential harm of excessive economic servicing.

  In the practical exploration of the integration of the two industries, my country's manufacturing and service industries have embarked on a path of strengthening the real economy relying on effective integration, and the scale of the integration of the two industries is increasing day by day.

The calculation data of the "White Paper on the Economic Development of China's Industrial Internet Industry (2021)" shows that in 2020, the scale of my country's industrial Internet direct industry added value will be 0.95 trillion yuan, driving 6.03 million jobs; the added value of the penetration industry will be 2.62 trillion yuan, driving 21.26 million people were employed.

  The shortcomings of fusion cannot be ignored

  At present, my country's producer service industry continues to expand towards specialization and the high end of the value chain, but the shortcomings of the integrated development of manufacturing and service industries still cannot be ignored.

  First, the international competitiveness of the service industry is not strong, and the foundation for the integration of the two industries needs to be strengthened.

An important prerequisite for the integration of the two industries is that a developed service industry can lead the direction of future industrial organization reforms.

However, compared with the trade in goods, the international competitiveness of my country's service trade is relatively insufficient.

Statistics from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange show that from January to October 2021, my country’s trade deficit in services was 485.7 billion yuan, and the goods trade surplus in the same period was 2,954.9 billion yuan.

The service trade deficit mainly comes from travel, intellectual property royalties, insurance and pension service industries, indicating that my country's service industry is still limited in supporting the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry.

This aspect is because the high-end service activities (R&D, management) of my country's manufacturing sector account for a relatively low proportion, which leads to less value contribution from the service activities of the manufacturing sector in exports.

On the other hand, the service-oriented manufacturing industry in my country (especially domestic service-oriented) is generally relatively low-end, and high-intelligence services such as research and development, business, and marketing account for a relatively low proportion.

  Second, compared with developed countries, the degree of integration of the two industries in my country is obviously low.

Although the integration of the two industries has a huge scale, according to the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) input-output table, the data on the integration of the two industries in some countries shows that in 2005, the index of the integration of the two industries in China was 0.11, which was lower than The level of 0.14 in the United States, 0.18 in the United Kingdom, 0.26 in Norway and 0.18 in Finland.

In 2014, the integration index of China's two industries was 0.08, and the degree of integration was still low.

The low degree of industrial integration has led to a relatively low proportion of service added value in the profit structure of my country's manufacturing enterprises.

According to Deloitte's "Global Service Industry and Parts Management Survey", the average service revenue of 80 global leading manufacturing companies accounted for 26% of total sales revenue, and the average service net profit contribution rate reached 46%.

According to the report "2014 China Equipment Manufacturing Service Innovation Survey" jointly issued by Deloitte and China Machinery Industry Federation, 78% of my country’s 198 equipment manufacturing companies accounted for less than 10% of their total operating income, and only 6% of them Enterprise service income accounts for more than 20% of total operating income.

  Third, the integrated development ecosystem of the two industries has not yet taken shape.

The new form of production organization integrating the two industries has brought an impact on the relationship between traditional production organizations.

For example, within an enterprise, due to the R&D and design of new products and new technologies, experts in many different fields are required to cooperate with each other, and the cost of built-in R&D activities of the enterprise is obviously higher than that of service outsourcing.

However, because knowledge-based services often need to be closely connected with the production and organization process of the enterprise, and constantly revised and adjusted, this may lead to a substantial increase in the cost of service outsourcing and bring uneconomical costs.

For enterprises, how to adapt to the new mode of industrial development that continues to converge requires continuous exploration and trial and error.

In addition, this brand-new organizational method also poses challenges to the existing market supervision system. For example, under the current national economic statistics framework, the supervisory department is still unable to accurately grasp the true volume of the integration of the two industries.

  Consolidate the foundation for the integration of the two industries

  First, we must continue to strengthen the strength of the productive service industry.

The high-quality development of the service industry is an important foundation for the integration of the two industries, especially as a productive service industry that directly participates in the production and circulation process of the manufacturing industry.

International experience shows that some Western developed countries are firmly occupying the top of the global value chain division of labor by relying on internationally competitive producer service industries.

Therefore, the focus of promoting the integration of the two industries is to steadily improve the development level of the producer service industry, focusing on the production service industries such as R&D and design, information technology, finance, logistics, inspection, testing and certification, and brand management, and guiding enterprises to take industrial upgrading needs as the Orientation, breaking the pattern of "big and complete" and "small and complete", separating and outsourcing non-core businesses, continuously improving the quality of service supply, and forming a strong "siphon effect" on the manufacturing industry.

This can not only avoid the possible negative effects of excessive servitization of the economy, but also an important basis for promoting the integration of the two industries.

  Second, we must support the development of new business formats with a more tolerant attitude.

The integration of the two industries is a new thing. The development of information science and technology has led to the rapid development of the application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and blockchain. These new models and new formats have enabled traditional industrial chains, supply chains and value chains. Constantly refactoring.

In order to meet the challenges it brings to the existing regulatory system, the regulatory authorities must promptly fill up the regulatory shortcomings and strengthen consumer protection.

Through the introduction of the negative list of the integration of the two industries, the establishment of inclusive and prudent supervision rules, the delineation of rigid bottom lines, the formulation of flexible boundaries, and the clarification of supervisory responsibilities, and at the same time, through measures such as strengthening the construction of digital public infrastructure, to guide the healthy and sustainable development of new business formats.

  Third, we must establish a statistical system for the integration of the two industries as soon as possible.

The lack of statistical data affects the accurate formulation of policies.

Under the current statistical system, the value-added data of the manufacturing industry alone cannot accurately reflect the true volume of the integration of the two industries.

The main reason is that the constantly disappearing industrial boundaries make it possible that part of the added value may be repeatedly counted in the manufacturing and service sectors.

The new business model and new model may also cause the misalignment and omission of its true added value.

Therefore, it is necessary to increase the statistical monitoring of the economic phenomenon of the integration of the two industries, make full use of statistical data, new technologies and new ideas, fully understand the current situation of the integration of the two industries, and build a monitoring and evaluation system and statistical methods that match the economic development, so as to correctly understand the two industries. The development trend, main shortcomings and promotion strategies of industry integration provide scientific support.

  Fourth, we must grasp the key variable of digital transformation.

The rapid development of digital technology has completely activated the value of data production factors. In the field of manufacturing, digital technology has spawned a variety of new organizational methods such as intelligent manufacturing, flexible production and product full production cycle management, which greatly improved the resources of the entire society. Configuration efficiency.

Therefore, in the process of promoting the integration of the two industries, it is necessary to grasp the "bull nose" of digitalization, take digital transformation as the main starting point for the integrated development of manufacturing and service industries, and use digital technology to intelligentize the traditional industrial chain and supply chain Reform to promote the high-quality development of the real economy.

  Fifth, we must cultivate an innovation ecology that is conducive to the integration of the two industries.

Through the reform of the education system, we will improve the multi-level talent training system that integrates vocational education and general higher education.

Further optimize the environment for innovation and innovation, and break the invisible barriers to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

Make good use of financial tools, expand direct financing, improve the multi-level capital market, and support the growth and expansion of innovative enterprises.

  (Written by the research group of the Academy of Financial Strategy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Xia Jiechang and Xiao Yu)