Release of excellent resources of crops, livestock, poultry and aquatic products—
Progress in the census of agricultural germplasm resources
Our reporter Ji Leilei
Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs organized experts to select and release 10 major crops, 10 major livestock and poultry, and 10 major aquatic products.
This is the staged result achieved by my country in carrying out the general survey of agricultural germplasm resources in March this year.
Agricultural germplasm resources are national strategic resources, which are related to the overall revitalization of the seed industry.
Sun Haoqin, deputy director of the Seed Industry Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said that under the new situation, a nationwide survey of agricultural germplasm resources, speeding up the identification of resources, implementing rescue collection and protection, and discovering a number of excellent new resources have become the realization of seed resources. An urgent task of self-reliance, self-reliance, self-reliance, self-reliance and control of seed sources in the industry is of great significance to the success of the seed industry and the promotion of the revitalization of the seed industry.
What is the "family background" of my country's germplasm resources?
What is the potential application value?
How to protect these germplasm resources?
In this regard, the reporter interviewed relevant experts.
Harvest a lot of new resources
Doing a good job in the general survey and protection of agricultural germplasm resources is the first battle to fight a good seed industry's turnaround.
Sun Haoqin revealed that the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has issued a national general survey of agricultural germplasm resources. Starting from this year, it will take three years to complete a comprehensive survey of crops, livestock, and aquatic resources to find out the types, quantities, distribution, and characteristics of resources. , Rescue collection and protection of a batch of rare, endangered, and unique resources, so as to realize the collection of all receivables and the preservation of all warrants.
Up to now, all crop germplasm resources have been surveyed and collected in 2,323 counties. The administrative village survey coverage of livestock and poultry has reached 97.6%, and the survey coverage of aquatic products has exceeded 95%.
"This census found a large number of new resources." Sun Haoqin introduced that 20,800 crop germplasm resources were newly collected, 18 livestock and poultry genetic resources were newly discovered and more than 30,000 aquaculture germplasm resources were newly collected.
Some of these resources are old, some are rare and endangered, and some carry farming civilization and traditional culture, especially filling the gaps in the census of livestock and poultry genetic resources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
After various checks, on October 18, the National Animal and Poultry Genetic Resources Committee approved the newly discovered animal and poultry genetic resources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
"We have selected the top ten newly discovered excellent genetic resources for livestock and poultry, which can be summed up as two cows, seven sheep and one chicken." Shi Jianzhong, director of the Office of the National Commission on Animal and Poultry Genetic Resources and Secretary of the Party Committee of the National Animal Husbandry Station, gave an example Said that the sheep resources in the Qinghai-Tibet area are very rich, with the characteristics of adapting to high altitude, tolerance to rough feeding, strong disease resistance, and strong physique.
The newly discovered Doma sheep are distributed in the pastures of more than 5,000 meters above sea level in Anduo County, Tibet. The wool is beautiful in color and thick and neat. It is a high-quality raw material for Tibetan people to make handmade blankets.
The aquatic product census also found a number of local characteristic resources.
For example, rare aquatic resources such as Yangtze saury, black-spotted saury, yellow-lipped fish, rare fishes such as golden lobster and Chinese horseshoe crab.
"Some of these germplasm resources have outstanding traits and excellent genes, which are mainly used for scientific research and breeding, and some can be used as ornamental fish, which is very useful for the next industrial development." Li Shumin, first-level inspector, Fisheries and Fisheries Administration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Say.
A number of rare resources have also been rescued and protected in this census.
Newly collected 50,000 genetic materials from six major breeds of pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, deer and camels.
The rediscovery of endangered species such as Zhongshan duck and Shanghai buffalo is a major harvest of this census.
New progress has been made in the construction of the resource bank
The National Germplasm Bank is an important facility to ensure the long-term strategic preservation of agricultural germplasm resources in my country.
"This year's Central Document No. 1 has made arrangements for the construction of the three major banks of crops, livestock and poultry, and marine fisheries. At present, important progress has been made in the construction of the national germplasm bank." Sun Haoqin introduced that the national crop germplasm bank was opened in September. The construction was completed and put into trial operation. The National Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Bank approved the project in July, and the National Marine Fishery Biological Germplasm Bank was officially put into operation in October.
In addition, work related to the upgrading and transformation of the national agricultural microbial germplasm resource bank has also begun.
Among them, the National Crop Germplasm Bank was established at the Institute of Crop Science of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
The total capacity reaches 1.5 million copies, which can meet the needs of safe preservation, identification and excavation of crop germplasm resources and the cultivation of new varieties in the country in the next 50 years, covering all the conservation methods of plant germplasm resources in the world.
In addition, the whole preservation process is intelligent and informatized, and the seed storage life can reach 50 years, which is currently the longest in the world.
The National Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Bank has also formally approved the project. Construction will start next year at the Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing. There can be more than 33 million copies of genetic material such as embryos and cells.
"We will establish live conservation farms or protected areas in the origins of 159 national-level protected species, and build 9 regional gene banks in key provinces, accelerate the construction of the national livestock and poultry germplasm resources bank, and realize the use of livestock and poultry genetic materials Sun Haoqin said that in addition to the long-term strategic preservation tasks undertaken by the state, more than 88% of the current 159 national-level local variety resources are undertaken by enterprises, which fully demonstrates the enterprise’s role in resource protection and utilization. Important role.
The National Marine Fishery Biological Germplasm Bank was officially put into operation on October 28. It is the largest marine fishery germplasm bank with the largest investment scale, the richest variety and the most advanced facilities in the world, with a preservation capacity of 350,000 copies. Basically preserve all marine fishery resources in the world.
At present, 100,000 copies of resources have been saved.
Beginning this year, 115 million yuan of additional funds from the central government have been used to protect 159 national-level genetic resources of livestock and poultry.
This means that these resource "national treasures" have since had a stable ration.
Protection and utilization have a long way to go
Germplasm resources are the basis for the innovation of the seed industry. Only with good resources can there be good varieties.
How can the good resources collected during the census be transformed into good varieties?
"From excellent traits to excellent varieties, the process is very difficult, and the domestication process and artificial assisted breeding process are very long." Qian Qian, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and director of the Institute of Crop Science of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, introduced that the breeding process includes germplasm resources. Carry out precise identification, hybrid assembly, assisted selection, etc.
The charm of germplasm resources is to show different strengths in different periods and different historical stages.
During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, my country will further increase the precision identification of germplasm resources, efficiently discover excellent genetic resources, and develop new varieties to provide support and guarantee for the revitalization of the seed industry.
Without germplasm resources as a foundation, no matter how advanced breeding technology and guarantee conditions are, new varieties cannot be bred out of thin air.
Sun Haoqin said frankly that census collection is the first step in the protection and utilization of germplasm resources. The ultimate goal is to transform resource advantages into innovation advantages and industrial advantages.
In the next step, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs will continue to further promote the identification of agronomic traits of newly collected crop germplasm resources, accelerate the production performance measurement of livestock, poultry and aquatic germplasm resources, and dig out the traits of excellent germplasm resources to provide for the selection and breeding of new varieties. material.
At the same time, promote the publication of a list of available germplasm resources, and realize the digitization and informatization of germplasm resource sharing by constructing a resource information system, so that scientific research units, enterprises and breeders know what, where and how to use germplasm resources. .
In addition, it is necessary to fully mobilize scientific research institutions and enterprises, especially leading industrialized enterprises, to participate in the development and utilization of local characteristic germplasm resources, increase development and utilization, and accelerate the cultivation of a batch of high-yield, high-efficiency, green, high-quality, water-saving and food-saving resources. The breakthrough new varieties suitable for machine and feeding, special purpose and special purpose, provide strong support for the establishment of the germplasm foundation for realizing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas and meeting the needs of the people for a better life.