The document was opposed by the United Kingdom, USA, France, Poland, Dominican Republic and Peru.
Five members of the UN Security Council - Russia, China, South Africa, Equatorial Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire - supported the project.
Kuwait, Germany, Indonesia and Belgium abstained from voting.
The Russian project provided for the extension of humanitarian aid to Syria for six months and a reduction in the number of cross-border crossings from four to two.
Earlier, Russia vetoed a resolution on the extension of a year of cross-border humanitarian assistance to Syria, proposed by Belgium, Germany and Kuwait.