Since the implementation of the Black Soil Protection Law for more than a year, the power of black soil has steadily rebounded.

Make good use of the black soil (big data observation)

Reporter Chang Qin

Core Reading

The high-yield and high-yield black soil is known as the "giant panda in the cultivated land". General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed: "It is necessary to grasp the protection of black soil as a major event, and make good use of it. "Strengthen the empowerment of digital technology and biotechnology, give priority to building black soil into high-standard farmland, and effectively protect black soil."

Since the implementation of the Black Soil Protection Law for more than a year, all regions and departments have taken effective measures to ensure quantity and quality, effectively protect the excellent production capacity of black soil, ensure national food security, and maintain the balance of the ecosystem.

The fertile black soil is a rare soil resource on earth. According to the latest statistics, there are about 2 million mu of cultivated land in typical black soil areas in Northeast China, accounting for 94.15% of the country's cultivated land area.

However, for a long time, due to the influence of irrational farming methods and other factors, the black soil has faced problems such as soil erosion, soil compaction, decline of organic matter content, and soil nutrient loss.

It is urgent to protect the black soil.

The Black Soil Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, which came into force on August 2022, 8, establishes a legal system and measures for the protection of black soil, which is of far-reaching significance for ensuring national ecological security and food security.

Over the past year or so, all localities and departments have promoted the full and effective implementation of the Black Soil Protection Law, protected the excellent production capacity of black soil, ensured national food security, maintained the balance of the ecosystem, and taken effective measures to effectively protect and utilize the black soil.

Ensure quantity and quality, and weave a dense black soil protection network

The Black Soil Protection Law systematically clarifies the objects, main responsibilities, investment guarantees, scientific and technological support roles, and punitive measures for the destruction of black soil, which is of great significance for strengthening the protection, governance and restoration of black soil, ensuring the resources and quality of black soil, and ensuring national food security.

In China, black soil is mainly distributed in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Looking at the fertile fields, the black soil protection network is becoming denser and denser. Jilin Province has issued a master plan for the protection of black soil (2021-2025), drawing a blueprint for the protection of black soil during the <>th Five-Year Plan. This year, Jilin carried out the assessment of the responsibility system for the protection of black soil, and further consolidated the main responsibility and territorial responsibility of the "five-level secretary" to grasp the protection of black soil.

The General Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Protection of Black Soil Cultivated Land, which requires strengthening the special control of black soil cultivated land in land spatial planning. The competent departments of natural resources at all levels in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia shall include the location of all zones of black soil cultivated land in the red line task of cultivated land protection, and black soil cultivated land with deep black soil layer and good soil properties shall be prioritized as permanent basic farmland, and shall be stored on the map of each plot of land, and special protection shall be strictly implemented. At the same time, taking into account the needs of cultivated land protection in the black soil area and the future population change trend, the urban development boundary was demarcated by classification based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment, so as to strictly restrain the erosion of black soil cultivated land caused by the disorderly spread of urban and rural construction.

Since 2021, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with the National Development and Reform Commission and other relevant departments, has formulated and implemented the Implementation Plan for the National Black Soil Protection Project (2021-2025), focusing on the construction of 83 counties (cities, districts, and banners) with typical black soil distribution in Northeast China, strengthening the comprehensive management of engineering, agronomy, biology and other measures, increasing policy coordination, and supporting typical black soil areas to carry out comprehensive management with the focus on farmland infrastructure construction, soil erosion control, and fertile cultivation of cultivated layers.

In 2023, the area of conservation tillage in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia has exceeded 9000 million mu, and during the "1th Five-Year Plan" period, China will complete the task of protecting and utilizing 10 million mu of black soil, and the quality of black soil cultivated land will be significantly improved, and the content of soil organic matter is expected to increase by more than <>% on average.

Strictly control and ensure quantity, and take multiple measures to improve quality. Guo Yongtian, director of the Department of Farmland Construction and Management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said: "Overall, the situation of black soil protection and utilization continues to improve, the legal guarantee has made milestone breakthroughs, policies and measures have been gradually improved, the construction of projects has been carried out in a solid and orderly manner, and the infrastructure conditions, internal quality and farmland ecology of black soil cultivated land in Northeast China have been steadily improved. ”

According to the monitoring, the quality of cultivated land in the black soil area of Liaoning Province has been greatly improved, the average quality of cultivated land in the demonstration area has increased by more than 0.5 grades, and the average content of soil organic matter has increased by more than 3 percentage points, and the average grade of cultivated land quality in Heilongjiang Province has reached 3.46, and the average content of soil organic matter has reached 36.2 g/kg.

Good technology and good methods keep up and promote the steady recovery of black soil power

In early winter, the barn is abundant. Looking at the mountains of rice, Li Yucheng, chairman of the Yucheng Modern Agricultural Machinery Professional Cooperative in Huachuan County, Heilongjiang Province, told reporters with a smile that this year's black soil has brought a bumper harvest to the people.

"Technology helps, saves time and effort!" Li Yucheng introduced that the cooperatives have reduced the use of pesticides by more than 30% and increased the utilization rate of pesticides by more than 10% through the use of soil testing formula fertilization, rice side deep fertilization, and water and fertilizer integration. "There will be no blind use of fertilizer and medicine again, and the integration of water and fertilizer, irrigation and drainage can be operated on the mobile phone, which is very convenient!" Li Yucheng said.

Huachuan County has comprehensively improved soil organic matter and soil fertility through technical models such as green, high-quality and efficient planting, pesticide and fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase, and organic material returning to water and dry fields. At present, Huachuan has built a total of 80,06 mu of high-standard farmland and black soil protection projects, and implemented 73,<> mu of pilot projects (agronomy) for the protection and utilization of black soil, and the black soil capacity has steadily rebounded.

In order to deal with the problems of "thinning", "thinning" and "hardening" of black soil, the Implementation Plan of the National Black Soil Protection Project (2021-2025) focuses on the implementation of measures such as soil erosion control, farmland infrastructure construction, and cultivation of fertile cultivated layers.

All localities are actively exploring comprehensive technical models for the protection of black soil. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the "Summary of Technical Models for the Protection and Utilization of Black Soil in Northeast China", explored the comprehensive management model combining engineering and biology, agricultural machinery and agronomy, land use and land cultivation, and summarized 10 comprehensive black soil management models such as "Lishu Model", "Longjiang Model", "Zhongnan Model" and "Sanjiang Model".

According to reports, this year, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia four provinces and regions to implement no-tillage and less tillage straw mulching and returning to the field, straw comprehensive utilization crushed mixed turning pressure returning to the field and other models, will achieve the protection and utilization of black soil covering 1 million mu of overlapping area, organic fertilizer deep ploughing and returning to the field 2000 million mu, solidly promote the construction of high-standard farmland and erosion ditch control, and continue to do a good job in the standardization of national black soil protection projects.

Thorough investigation and dynamic monitoring are exclusive archives for black civil engineering

As one of the first batch of pilot units for black soil surface matrix survey, the Mudanjiang Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center of the China Geological Survey of the Ministry of Natural Resources undertook the black soil surface matrix survey project in the Changchun area of the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain. The investigation team summed up a set of integrated investigation methods for the whole process of "air, space, ground and well depth", and trained three professional scientific research teams to provide scientific research strength for the protection of black soil.

Through the investigation methods of "air-space-ground network drilling" and "point-line-surface measurement", the Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey and Command Center of the China Geological Survey has carried out surveys of 83,40324 black soil sites in 127231 key protected counties (cities, districts and banners) in Northeast China, collected more than 61 samples of various types, and systematically investigated the vertical structure, tightness, fertility and reserves of black soil. Up to now, the integration of black soil achievement data in <> counties has been preliminarily completed, which effectively provides a scientific basis for the protection and utilization of black soil.

Su Qiang, deputy director of the Department of Cultivated Land Protection and Supervision of the Ministry of Natural Resources, said that accurately grasping the background of black soil cultivated land is the basis for doing a good job in the protection of black soil cultivated land. From 2022, the Ministry of Natural Resources will organize and carry out the surface matrix survey of 83 key protected counties (cities, districts and banners) in the typical black soil area of Northeast China, which is planned to be completed by the end of this year, so as to provide basic data for the establishment of black soil archives, zoning and classification policies, and the protection, restoration, monitoring and evaluation of black soil.

Black soil is also the focus of the third national soil census that the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is taking the lead. Combined with the survey results of relevant departments, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has laid out more than 72,1 surface sample points and about 1,<> profile sample points in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia, fully covering cultivated land, orchard land, forest land, grassland and other agricultural land soils, laying a solid foundation for the protection and utilization of black soil.

At present, there are more than 300 national-level cultivated land quality monitoring points in Northeast China, and a cultivated land quality monitoring network covering Northeast China has been initially formed, and the monitoring indicators have been continuously improved, and a survey and monitoring database with a certain coverage and long-term series has been initially formed.

In the next step, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs will continue to support universities and scientific research institutions to build agricultural science and technology innovation platforms around the protection of black soil, continuously improve the cultivated land quality monitoring network, and provide basic support for the protection of black soil. At the same time, we should give full play to the guiding role of the team of technical experts for the protection of black soil, integrate and assemble various technical measures, improve the comprehensive technical model of black soil protection, and expand the coverage of the technical model according to local conditions.

People's Daily (November 2023, 11, Edition 16)