In fact, there is no so-called biology "races", as all humans genetically consider part of the same Homo sapiens family, but humans have divided themselves on the basis of race and nationality.

In a report published in the Mexican newspaper, La Voz del rabe, writer Gerardo B.

Taber, the "Black Lives Matter" movement that erupted in the wake of the killing of a black American in Minneapolis, USA, sparked a wave of protests against police brutality and racism in more than 2,000 cities, both in the United States and around the world.

These events shed light once again on the debate over the delicate question of "Do the human races really exist?"

Perhaps the answer to this question is that "races" do not exist.

Biologically, humans are part of the same family of Homo sapiens, the great ape family and the primate order.

In this sense, as is the case in many other organisms, there are variables at the level of phenotypic features, which come from adaptation to the environment and transmitted through genetic inheritance, and perhaps the most prominent of these variables lies in the concentration of melanin, which is a pigment that protects against ultraviolet rays and regulates the production of Vitamin D3 in the body.

In this way, a person's complexion corresponds to the degree of sun exposure that he and his ancestors experienced over many generations.

Different races in ancient Egypt

The writer stated that different ethnic groups passed through Egypt, communicated with each other for a long time, and formed distinct political entities.

In this way, the ancient inhabitants of the Nile country created a theocratic state and a worldview that made them the "chosen people" of the gods they worshiped, and distinguished them from their other neighbors.

This does not necessarily mean that the ancient Egyptians were racist and xenophobic, but unfortunately, Western society imposed racist models on the perception of the history of Pharaonic Egypt over the past centuries.

Given that the pharaohs are considered "the cradle of civilization", there was an endeavor to include their main characters, historical or fictitious, into the phenotype prevalent in Western Europe.

Examples of this concept are oil paintings, such as Frederick Goodall's "The Discovery of Moses" and Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema.

More recently, this practice has continued, especially in films made in Hollywood that have continued in so-called whitewashing of the main characters, as evidenced by films such as "Cleopatra" by Joseph Mankiewicz, "Exodus: Gods and Kings" by Ridley Scott, and "Goddesses" Egypt, directed by Alex Bruas.

Central African

On the other hand, there was also the so-called Afrocentrism, whose roots stem from the work of intellectuals of African descent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and which actively promoted the era of the civil rights movement in the United States between 1955 and 1969.

Indeed, this academic position argues that Eurocentrism has prevented recognition of Africa's contributions to human history, as well as aims to distinguish the influence of European and Eastern peoples from indigenous African achievements.

In this sense, it is appropriate to study world history in a non-colonial way.

But in some unfortunate cases, the writer says, this position has become extreme, claiming that "black Africa" ​​was the only one responsible for creating philosophy, science and technology, and that the peoples of the Middle East and Europe subsequently wrested these fields from them.

Likewise, the owners of this position believe that the "origin of civilization" may lie in ancient Egypt, but they point out that its "decline" began when groups from outside "mixed" with the indigenous population, who lost their "purity."

Indeed, the arguments are very similar to those used to justify "racial superiority" not found in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945.

It is worth noting that the urgent question raised by many of those who write such lines is: Were the ancient Egyptians white or black?

Perhaps the answer always is that they do not belong to either side. Rather, they were Egyptian, of Egyptian color and Egyptian culture, and they spoke and wrote in the ancient Egyptian language.

Stratified society

In ancient times, survival was not a problem for hunters and farmers, so collecting crops in one day by one woman might suffice a family for 3 days, according to an article by American historian Marshall Sahlins for The Conversation.

The economic system in the ancient Egyptian civilization was unique, not content with food and survival, but rather the dedication of resources and energies to create and maintain huge tombs, pyramids and temples, a model that made the Egyptian society stratified between the class of large owners and rich officials, and the general poor.

Building huge tombs was a feature of Pharaonic Egypt, dominated by the belief that the king was a sacred person in his life and after his death.

And he owned the land and gave it to whomever he wanted, so he made the common people of the people work only in exchange for food, drink and housing, while many workers worked for their food or were just slaves.

In this society - in which precious metals are not considered the predominant means of exchange, and most of them were in the hands of kings and in the temples - wealth was synonymous with possession of land, and theoretically all the land belonged to the Pharaoh who could dispose of it whenever he wanted, and large areas were given to the army, who Kings especially needed him in times of turmoil, and they rewarded army commanders with allocating land.

A great deal of Egyptian land was invested at that time to build royal tombs and temples that were supposed to last forever, and most of them belonged to high officials, army commanders, priests and high landowners.

The society of that period resembled the feudal system that existed in Europe in the Middle Ages, according to Andres Winkler, a lecturer in the Egyptology department at the University of Oxford in Britain.

Historians say that the pharaoh used to impose taxes on the big owners who collected them from the small farmers, and the ancient Egyptian administration was centralized, stratified, and strict.