With only one vote against the proposal, the Senate and the House of Representatives hammered through the bill, which means that a possible veto from President Donald Trump can be overruled by Congress.
About one million Uighurs are believed to be being held in training camps in Xinjiang.
China has denied allegations of human rights abuses.
-We can not just sit quietly next to and allow this to continue.
Our silence makes us complicit, says Republican Michael McCaul, who calls China's actions state-controlled cultural genocide.
Name one person so far
The bill mentions one person, Chen Quanguo, the Communist Party's supreme leader in Xinjiang.
According to the proposal, more will be named.
These politicians and officials who will be held accountable for so-called "arbitrary detention, torture and harassment" will not be allowed to enter the United States and their assets will be frozen.
In December last year, Congress voted in favor of a similar bill, which called for Trump to condemn abuses against the minority population in Xinjiang.
This weekend, the United States imposed sanctions on eight Chinese companies and a Chinese security authority, citing reports of abuses against Uighurs and other minorities in Xinjiang.
The new bill was hammered through just hours after Secretary of State Mike Pompeo threatened to punish China for trying to enforce new security laws in Hong Kong, including by no longer considering Hong Kong as self-governing and thus risking losing its special trade rights.