The flood struck, why the cultural relics were seriously damaged
The sea bridge in Tunxi Town, Huangshan, Anhui was washed away, and the Xiangyang city wall partially collapsed...More than 500 immovable cultural relics were lost to varying degrees due to the floods——
The flood struck, why the cultural relics were seriously damaged
Guangming Daily reporter Li Yun
At present, my country has entered the main flood season. Affected by heavy rainfall, severe floods, landslides, mudslides and other geological disasters have occurred in many places, and some cultural relics and museum units have been seriously damaged. Song Xinchao, deputy director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, said frankly: "This year's flood season, the damaged cultural relics have a wide range, large number, and large losses. It is the most severely damaged cultural relics in recent years."
The reporter learned from the State Administration of Cultural Heritage that as of July 16, more than 500 immovable cultural relics have been damaged to varying degrees due to the floods, including 76 national key cultural relics protection units and 187 provincial cultural relics protection units, involving Jiangxi, Anhui, 11 provinces including Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guangdong, Fujian, Guizhou and Zhejiang. "At present, the flood situation in some provinces is still going on, and the situation of cultural relics flood prevention and safety is very severe." Song Xinchao said.
Start emergency mechanism
Regarding the flood prevention and relief work of cultural relics, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage attaches great importance to it and always insists on focusing on prevention. It incorporates the rescue and reinforcement of cultural relics and the construction of protective facilities into the key projects of cultural relics protection projects, and incorporates natural disaster response and disposal into the emergency management of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. Important content, giving key support to the restoration and restoration of cultural relics after the disaster every year.
The reporter learned that since the flood season this year, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage has paid close attention to the flood conditions in various places, promptly activated the emergency response mechanism, issued telephone warnings to relevant provinces, and then issued an emergency notice on strengthening the safety of cultural relics during the flood season, and made specific measures for the safety of cultural relics throughout the country. Arrangements require all localities to maintain a high level of early warning, pay close attention to the flood situation, comprehensively investigate possible disasters and dangers, rectify potential safety hazards, carefully organize disaster prevention and mitigation work, and properly perform the follow-up protection of damaged cultural relics, collect and preserve cultural relic components or parts , Organize the restoration and restoration of cultural relics to minimize the loss of cultural relics. To Sichuan, Hubei, Guangxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Chongqing and other provinces where cultural relics were severely affected, 3.5 million yuan was allocated for emergency rescue of cultural relics.
In accordance with the requirements of the State Administration of Cultural Relics, local cultural relics departments have established flood control emergency response organizations, launched a flood period cultural relics safety emergency mechanism, and made every effort to organize disaster prevention and mitigation and the rehabilitation of damaged cultural relics. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage will pay close attention to and supervise the flood prevention and safety work of cultural relics in various regions, and will give key guidance and support in terms of funding and technology for the restoration of cultural relics after the disaster based on the actual damage of cultural relics in various regions.
Why Gu Jian was the most injured
During the flood season, the damaged cultural relics, the ancient bridges were washed away, the ancient city walls collapsed, and the cultural relic buildings collapsed more seriously. More than 70 bridges were damaged in 11 provinces. Among them, the national key cultural relics protection unit, Tunxi Town, Huangshan, Anhui, and the Tsinghua Rainbow Bridge, Wuyuan, Jiangxi, were washed away; the national key cultural relics protection unit was partially collapsed in Xiangyang, Hubei; national key cultural relics The former residence of Li Zongren in Guilin, Guangxi, the Dragon and Tiger Hall of the Wulong Palace in Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, and the Zhujia Courtyard of Loudi, a provincial cultural relics protection unit, collapsed.
Natural geological disasters such as floods have always been important factors that endanger the safety of cultural relics, and ancient cultural relics are particularly vulnerable in the face of severe natural geological disasters. Investigating the reasons, Song Xinchao believes that there are two main points.
On the one hand, the cultural relics themselves are weak in disaster prevention and resistance. Ancient bridges, ancient city walls, ancient dwellings and other cultural relics have a long history, just like old people in history. They have been affected by natural environmental erosion and human activities for thousands of years, and their ability to resist natural geological disasters is weak. In history, many cultural relics were destroyed by disasters, and some have been reconstructed after several disasters. For example, the Hai Bridge in Tunxi Town, Huangshan, Anhui, which was destroyed by the floods, was damaged and rebuilt many times in history. At the same time, my country's cultural relics are mostly wooden frame structures, and the main building materials are wood, bricks and tiles, etc., especially in some revolutionary sites, which are mostly ancestral halls and residential buildings. The building level is not high and they are easily damaged in natural geological disasters. On the other hand, extreme weather increases the pressure on the safety of cultural relics. The cultural relics are distributed in complex areas, many of which are located in mountainous areas, rivers, lakes, and valleys, and are greatly affected by natural geological disasters. Since the flood season this year, heavy rainfall has continued in many southern provinces, and river water levels have been high. Some upstream reservoirs have flooded and drained. The rivers are often packed with large amounts of sediment and debris. The large flow and high velocity floods have blocked, impacted, and destroyed ancient bridges. The flood soaked and buried ancient buildings for a long time, causing serious damage to cultural relics.
As the project leader of the “Research on Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and Emergency Response of Immovable Cultural Relics”, Qiao Yunfei, vice president of China Cultural Heritage Research Institute, pointed out that ancient bridges were built to adapt to the natural environment and traffic needs at that time. However, with social development, local governments Some of the construction activities may landfill rivers that have been dry for many years. When the rain is small, these dry-flow rivers may have no effect; once they encounter a large flood season, they become a flood channel, and the bridges on the river are naturally at risk.
What is the problem with disaster prevention of cultural relics
Song Xinchao said that my country's research on disaster prevention and mitigation technologies for cultural relics is very insufficient. The research on the protection of cultural relics in China's cultural relics and architecture circles focuses on the architectural pattern, form, structure, etc., and insufficient attention has been paid to the disaster prevention and disaster prevention functions of the cultural relics themselves, and a systematic cultural relic disaster prevention concept and technical system have not been formed. The cultural relics are being repaired. Disaster prevention and mitigation measures lack targeted guidance, and many cultural relics' own disaster prevention and disaster prevention functions have not yet played well.
In addition, the overall capability of disaster prevention and mitigation is not strong. The disaster prevention and mitigation work of some local cultural relics has not received due attention, and the disaster prevention and mitigation of cultural relics has not been incorporated into the local natural geological disaster monitoring and early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation system as an important and special content. At the same time, the grass-roots cultural relics departments and cultural relics protection management agencies in various regions are weak in team construction, the personnel strength is generally insufficient, the protection of disaster prevention and mitigation materials and equipment is insufficient, and the effective rescue and disaster relief professional strength is lacking. In the face of major natural geological disasters, emergency treatment of cultural relics and disaster relief work Looks powerless.
"Cultural relics are precious and fragile, diverse in types, widely distributed, and complex in property rights. Disaster prevention and mitigation work is not only a systematic project, but also a professional work. It requires the coordination and cooperation and joint efforts of governments at all levels, relevant departments and units, and the extensive participation of social forces." Song Xinchao said bluntly.
He suggested that the overall planning of disaster prevention and mitigation of cultural relics should be incorporated into the disaster prevention and mitigation system. In major natural geological disasters, cultural relics should be regarded as important assets of the country and the people, and rescue and disaster relief should be implemented in a unified and coordinated manner. At the same time, it is necessary to further improve the emergency mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation of cultural relics, guide localities to formulate emergency plans for disaster prevention and mitigation and rescue and relief of cultural relics based on actual conditions, improve the monitoring and early warning of cultural relics disasters, risk assessment and judgment, disaster prevention, disaster handling, information reporting, and post-disaster repair and restoration Such as a series of emergency response procedures and measures, carry out emergency training and drills, and effectively enhance the safety emergency response capabilities of cultural relics.
In addition, disaster prevention should be considered in the restoration of cultural relics. Carry out disaster risk assessment of cultural relics, and on the premise of not changing the original state of the cultural relics and not affecting the safety of the cultural relics and the environment, the disaster prevention and disaster prevention measures such as building reinforcement, earthquake prevention, seepage prevention, and flood discharge are synchronized as the content of cultural relics repair Consider, design and implement simultaneously.
Increasing research on disaster prevention and mitigation of cultural relics is also an important part of the future work of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. The reporter learned that the "Natural Disaster Risk Assessment and Emergency Response Research of Immovable Cultural Relics" project declared by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of Science and Technology has been approved in 2019. Qiao Yunfei introduced that the subject is based on the premise of not interfering with the cultural relics. Focusing on the three natural disasters of floods, gales, and earthquakes, ancient buildings, cave temples, and ancient ruins in Sichuan and Shanxi were selected to carry out immovable cultural relics before and after disasters. Research on risk assessment and emergency response during and after disasters.
Song Xinchao also specifically mentioned that we should learn wisdom from our ancestors. The scientific drainage system of the Forbidden City in Beijing has kept it from being flooded for more than 600 years. The Dujiangyan in Sichuan is a water diversion and sand drainage project. The system design of stone embankments, culverts and moon dams in the ancient city of Shou County in Anhui constitutes a complete urban flood control system. , The ancient city of Ganzhou "Fushou Ditch" was an urban drainage system in the Song Dynasty. They still play an important role in flood prevention and disaster relief. Song Xinchao said: "An important task at present is to organize and carry out special systematic research, to dig deeper into the unique disaster prevention system and anti-disaster function of some ancient cities, ancient villages and ancient buildings, and to give full play to their role in modern urban and rural disaster prevention and mitigation. Important role."
"Guangming Daily" (08 July 22nd, 2020)