Mohamed Salah
The fallacy is the use of misleading ideas and information in justification, and stirring up emotions in order to resolve a discussion or win a dispute from the other party despite the strength of his argument, by deception and maneuvering and in ways that seem logical. Thus, "the talented person in public speaking, the tricks of persuasion and the titillation of feelings will be able to defeat any scientist who rules to reason," says Plato.
This kind of fallacy has remained so common and hidden in the folds of daily transactions, to the point that the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer wished that one day "allocate to each logical fallacy I discover a name that I distinguish with it, so that I will not fall into it again", and today we see it spread through the media and on communication sites Social is like landmines that require it to be recognized and deactivated before it adversely affects our lives.
Perhaps the book "The Logical Fallacies" of the Egyptian Psychiatrist Dr. Adel Mustafa - issued by the Hindawi CIC Foundation in the United Kingdom - is one of the best sources for achieving this goal.
Hasty generalization
"All" is judged by the "Part" condition. "We hardly receive (a grain) of facts until we build a (generalized) dome from it," says American psychologist Gordor Allport. As long as the apples on the face of the box are good, then all the apples are in the box as well. Or like someone who had had a failed marriage experience, she decided not to marry forever, because all men are evil.
False embarrassment
This fallacy occurs when canceling alternatives or possible solutions in order to keep two options that are not third, one of which does not fit a solution and the second is the opinion of the fallacy itself, on the basis of "either with us or against us" or "either you enter the war with us in order to preserve our approach to life" Either you are a traitor. "
Attacking a straw man
That is the fallacy in which one deliberately attacks another peripheral idea rather than the real idea in question, as if he is bringing down a fake straw doll as it is easier for him than competing with his real opponent.
This label comes from the Middle Ages, when a straw-stuffed doll was used in the form of a man to represent the "opponent" in the swordplay. For example, someone said, "How does Einstein's theory of relativity get this acceptance and considers that everything is permitted, and that morality is a relative matter that differs from one environment to another?" (Einstein mixes physical and moral relativity with moral relativity that talks about values, unrelated to the field of physics from near or far, to escape the basic idea.)
Red herring
It is a trick used by fleeing prisoners to mislead the guard dogs that follow them, by pulling a red herring through the chase path to attract dogs to the strong smell instead of the smell of prisoners. It has been used to describe every attempt to divert attention from the topic of the original debate with discourse outside the context.
Personalization
That the fallacy is to challenge the opponent's "person" and attack him instead of discussing his idea, so he resorted to insulting him, for example, saying, "You all know that so-and-so is a liar who is a cheater and is not reliable in his financial statements, so how do you agree with his proposed project?", Or take advantage of his personal opponent's circumstances, claiming that they She is the one that made him adopt this opinion, and that he has an interest in that.
Appealing to the public
This fallacy involves turning to people instead of turning to the mind, and trying to elicit the endorsement of a particular idea by stirring up crowds' feelings and emotions, rather than making a valid, logical argument.
This is a tool of publicity and advertising and many politicians, party men and electoral events, as long as "everyone thinks that" and "everyone is doing it" and "opinion polls indicate that" it must be true.
Appealing to ignorance
And this is a dangerous fallacy that something remains true unless someone proves that it is void, and vice versa, meaning that something remains void as long as no one has proven that it is true. For example, "as long as there is no evidence that ghosts do not exist, then ghosts exist."
Or as Senator Joseph McCarthy used to do in the early 1950s, when he was terrorizing America's intellectuals and artists by tying the charge of communism to them without evidence, invoking ignorance by saying, "He does not have evidence to refute his accusations," and hence is in place.
Turn to the force
By resorting to threats and intrusions to prove an idea that has nothing to do with the atmosphere of fear and terror that accompanies it, it is a fallacy that power creates the right. As former Soviet Union chief Nikita Khrushchev said, “When Stalin says (dance) the wise man must dance,” or as a manager threatens an employee by saying, “You must agree to the new company policy, if you want to keep your job.”