Nobel science predictions 2019

Only ten days separate us from the largest and most powerful scientific festival in the whole world, where the announcement of the Nobel Prizes of Medicine and Physiology on October 7 next, followed by chemistry and physics in the next two days. The Nobel season is a celebration of science, which attracts the attention of the public and amateurs exactly as specialists in their research fields do, because Noble has always been the most elegant and important prize of a century, and therefore is always a golden opportunity to attract people to the love of science and its truly exciting worlds.

The Thomson Reuters Foundation, which has now transferred that property to a large data analysis firm called Clarivet Analytics, has been engaged in an important and enjoyable annual habit of announcing its prize for the Nobel Prize, which was released at the end of September before the prize announcement date. The institution has so far been in dozens of expectations. It's like the Oscar nominations, but it doesn't require anyone to win the Nobel Prize, but Clarivet's analyzes set a set of criteria that define Noble's personality each year, and for their complexity, they are easy to understand.

For example (2), these criteria include the need to be that personal research is the most cited, in the sense that their research is important to be cited by other researchers in their work, and the higher the number of citations the higher the value of scientific work. These criteria also include the Nobel Personal Research as a window for new and original research areas, ensuring a history of high scientific awards, then comparing the achievement of the Nobel character with previous awards approved by the Nobel Committee, and then come up with a list of 12 nominations, 3 nominations for each of physics, Medicine, physiology, then chemistry, economics, but the latter will not be the subject of this report.

Noble Medicine

Well, let's start from the intestines, in this place you are in front of a very cruel world of monsters with huge numbers, toxins and dangerous chemicals, so the response of the intestinal cells will always be on the size of their critical tasks so that they only renew themselves every 2-4 days. At this point, Hans Clevers enters the German molecular geneticist who has always cared about that area of ​​our bodies. This continuous regeneration process must involve a large and active transformation of stem cells that inhabit this place, but no one knew. Where exactly are they in the intestines.

Cleavers and his team expected that they would be inside those very tiny holes between the intestinal tracts, and actually managed to come up with a molecule called LGR5 found only in those stem cells, and through precise DNA editing techniques, Cleavers and his team were able to dye the cells containing this molecule. In green and then monitored the colored cells in the intestines, the results obtained in 2006 at the same time surprising and surprising, it was the first to find them in history!

Stem cell isolation became possible for Cleavers and his team, and then our friend used those stem cells to make small organs. Stem cells are inherently unspecialized cells but can form, through a high regenerative and dividing capacity, into specialized cells, thus enabling Kevers for the time The first of making whole tissues can one day become an alternative to organ transplantation, can also become the future of medicine, and can also be a tool for testing drugs on the tissues of patients, by developing small organs from their stem cells, without having to use the patient's own body, can you imagine a future Those met Yat?

In the second nomination, Clarifit analyzes chose John Kappler and his wife Philippa Marrack, an American immunologist, for their achievements since the 1980s, when we first learned about the synthesis of T-cell receptors. They attack the bacteria, viruses and fungi that enter our bodies. After completing their battles with UFOs, the T cells copy the war archive to prepare for any incoming attack of the same kind. For example, when measles viruses once again approach our bodies, the immune cells immediately recognize and attack them, but the mechanism of this attack has always been unknown because we do not know the structure of receptors that stand on the surface of immune cells and bind to foreign bodies.

After this detection, this gentle duo developed mechanisms that enabled us to understand the so-called "self-Tolerance", which is the ability of immune cells to differentiate between objects produced by the body and treat them as harmless, and those that come from the outside and deal with the body Kabeler and Marak were able to understand the mechanism, which helped them develop better treatments for these diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and Guillen-Barr syndrome.

Two companions have worked together for so long that it has become difficult to differentiate between their two ways of speaking, to three comrades who made the same discovery separately, Ernst Bamberg, a German biophysicist from the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, and Karl Deisseroth, a professor. Bioengineering, psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford, and Gero Miesenböck, professor of physiology and director of the Center for Neuroscience and Behavior at Oxford University, all three were connected to one very remarkable thing we know as optogenetics.

This technique allows control of living brain cells using fiber-optic cables, where neural processes (for example, the transmission of nerve signals between cells) can be modified using only optical signals that stimulate intercellular connections.The effect extends from the enormous potential, in accuracy and quality, To monitor and monitor the activities of neurons within living tissues, and therefore to study many mental illnesses better, to work to modify the neuromuscular activity appropriately to reduce those diseases, when you enter the world of genetic optics you feel for a while In Wonderland, simple visual signals pay Pfor to sleep and another ran in circles, and once you pull the plug everything stands! Great!

Nobel in Physics

Okay, now let's go to Nobel's nominations in physics for this year, and we'll start with Arthur Eckert, Professor of Quantum Physics from Oxford University, for his contributions to the development of what we now know as Quantum cryptography, to understand the impact of this achievement. You want to buy a new phone from an electronic market, there you will put your credit card data and just press the button "Buy" and end up, but .. What prevents hackers from stealing that data? This ranges from simple purchases, government statements, to rocket launching blades and campaign launch dates, all of which need special knowledge, the science of secrets!

To understand the idea, let's imagine that you are an Algerian intelligence officer who would like to convey an important message to another intelligence officer in Jordan. This letter was coded by law, for example, "each letter A corresponds to number 5, each letter B corresponds to number 7, etc." And so for all the letters, then you will send the message and then call your friend to tell him the decoding code, this code is the so-called "code key", and without it can not easily understand the content of that message, only a set of numbers, the penetrator must focus his work on penetrating Your message and then know the nature of the key.

This is what is currently happening in hacking operations, with huge differences of course in the nature of all this, the intent here is to show a very simple example for the purpose of understanding, but what if we assume that you sent the decryption key to your friend on a quantum level, here the hacker can not recognize that key Simply because the rules of the quantum world require that the state of the photons change whenever they are detected.When the intruder intervenes, the nature of the photons will differ between you, and both of you know right away that there is an intruder, prompting you to switch the codes instantaneously, and it happens every time.

To develop this idea, Eckert used the concept of quantum entanglement, an instantaneous relationship between two particles occurring regardless of distance, which helped to develop cryptographic systems that opened a new era of digital security after researchers in this domain announced that it was nearing completion due to the enormous capabilities of modern computers so that it became You may, at a very early stage, decode any known code. Of course, the war between the hackers and the digital world is still going on, but Eckert pushed the finish line into long decades, perhaps.

In the second Nobel nomination we meet one physicist, John Perdew, professor of physics and chemistry at Temple University, Perdeo was one of the big names associated with the establishment and development of the so-called Density functional theory. Compounds, such as the total energy of the system, the density of electrons in orbits around the nucleus, as well as the physical and optical coefficients of matter, have in turn helped to make unprecedented leaps in the technological advances of quantum chemistry, materials physics, geosciences and physics. J and computer chemistry.

Prior to that theory, the wave function equation of Austrian physicist Irvine Schrödinger was the instrument used to determine the characteristics of the atomic system, but it was very complex when it came to more than one atom, and its results are difficult to explain. Here, the function function theory of density was able to replace all that complexity with a single problem. Only three variables, and therefore mathematically and physically it became much easier to deal with.

Tony Heinz, professor of Applied Physics and Photons at Stanford University, 8 in his third nomination in physics, describes his high-profile achievements in developing our understanding of the optical properties of nanoscale materials that take two-dimensional geometry, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. Two-dimensional semiconductors such as molybdenum disulfide, in all of these materials, there are promising possibilities for a more energy-saving future and more able to cope with contemporary technological complexities.

This will help in almost everything, from medicine to computing. To understand the idea, let's consider Moore's Law, which states that the number of transistors on the processor chip is doubling almost every two years, which means producing more accurate and powerful computers at lower prices, but this law now reaches its technical limits, because we cannot minimize transistors. What's more, at that point these new materials will help, as their electrical and magnetic properties are better at large stages than the silicon world, soon, maybe in a decade or two, we'll move on to the carbon worlds.

Nobel in Chemistry

In chemistry, we can start from the pair Rolf Huisgen of the University of Munich and Morten P. Meldal, professor of chemistry at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, "Clarivet analyzes" that the achievements of each of synthetic chemistry (9) has made wide gains for this world, chemistry Synthetic is simply the ability to use small chemical building blocks to build new compounds, but it's not as easy to install Lego pieces together. There are so many complexities and challenges that prevent researchers from making new compounds? In fact, the most important questions in domains such as those related to the answer to the question "Why not?", Why can not create this compound? Why not add this part to change its qualities? Why not use a different catalyst? Many people agree that synthetic chemistry is like art in its ability to innovate, which in turn opens the door to support a large number of ranges ranging from medicine to oil.

The Hosgen reaction, for example, enables us to obtain five-ring compounds, and has a wide range of uses ranging from the manufacture of compounds used in quality tests to the education of vital compounds in order to examine their pathways in the body, and the reaction designed by Mildal, based on Hosgen reaction, It has a strong role in the production of peptides that help in the immune response of some types of cancer, as well as the production of peptides containing phosphineic acid can help control osteoporosis, both Hosgen and Mildal managed to create something completely new was once obtained Miraculously.

In the second nomination, we meet Edwin Southern, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Oxford. He is best known as the owner of the Southern Blot, a mechanism by which he can identify and study specific areas of DNA. This is what opened the door, and still, to the process of mapping the whole genome, and to understand the complexity of this range you can only contemplate the length of DNA in each human cell, it's about a minimum of 2 meters, and the number of cells in your body is about 37 trillion cells, do You imagine it?

Cutting a tiny fraction of something of this size would no doubt be more complicated, obviously, than looking for a needle in a haystack, but Thoussern did it through a complex technique involving cutting DNA into small parts and then separating it by adding a special gel. This sample is exposed to a hybrid DNA fragment (ie, a custom made from a sequence of units similar to the one we are looking for), and then through a simple chemical reaction we mix all the pieces with those we made and the latter determine the position of the gene on the DNA, and so for each gene we know and we would like to get .

Finally, in a third chemistry nomination, the Clarivet Analytics Foundation has created a trio that, through the creation of accurate and effective technologies, has contributed significantly to the success of the Human Genome Project, the first is Leroy E. Hood of the California Institute of Technology and the second is Marvin Caruthers, a biology professor from The University of Colorado and the third is Michael Hunkapiller, president of the Pacific Biosciences Foundation. This team worked separately, sometimes together, in the field of DNA chemistry, and through their tools they created it, which contributed to the development of several effective treatments. For diseases such as cancer, Clarivet Analyzes 11 filter this Tri-specifically to illustrate how the innovative tools you can pay knowledge as you do basic research.

Well, these were nine predictions for three prizes that will be announced soon, we may not find any of them in the next Nobel Prize announcements, but the idea of ​​this report is not to present expectations as much as introducing you to this dazzling world of its complexity, and sober as much as it offers A fantasy biography, it is a world of science. Hundreds of thousands of researchers through the scientific method daily improve our ability to understand the universe, and ourselves, help develop our lifestyles, and delve into the vast cosmic unknown to learn more secrets. That overlooks us on a new, bold, and great world. In spite of all the dark expectations of an unfortunate future in light of the tensions in the planet over the past few decades, science in many areas of operation, stands to paint a more optimistic painting.